Temel Bash komutları ve anlamları

[OnLive]

Temel de herkesin bilmesi gereken GNU/Linux (Bash shell) komutları ve açıklamaları aşağıda ki belirtilmiştir. Bütün bu komutları ezberlemek zorunda değilsiniz. Ancak içlerinden ihtiyaç duyduğunuz komutlar olduğu zaman bunların nereler de ve hangi koşullar altında kullanıldığını bilmek size avantaj sağlayacaktır.

Kod Seç Genişlet

uname -a

Örnek çıktı:

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Linux Bilgisayar 4.15.0-72-generic #81~16.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Tue Nov 26 16:34:21 UTC 2019 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

Sistem hakkında çeşitli bilgiler veren komut (bilgisayarın adı, çekirdek sürümü, tarih vs. gibi).

Kod Seç Genişlet

uname -s

Örnek çıktı:

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Linux

Sistemde yüklü olan çekirdeği bildiren komut.

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uname -o

Örnek çıktı:

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GNU/Linux

Hangi işletim sistemini kullandığınızı bildiren komut.

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uname -r

Örnek çıktı:

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4.15.0-72-generic

Sadece çekirdek sürümü hakkında bilgi veren komut.

Kod Seç Genişlet

uname

Örnek çıktı:

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AhmetPC

Kurulum esnasında bilgisayarınıza vermiş olduğunuz adı döndüren komut.

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uptime

Örnek çıktı:

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06:02:13 up 14:22,  1 user,  load average: 0.39, 0.39, 0.45

Oturumun ne kadar süredir açık olduğunu bildiren komut.

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hostname

ya da

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uname -n

Örnek çıktı:

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EvBilgisayari

Sistemde tanımlı olan bilgisayar adını ekrana bastırır. Bilgisayarın adı kurulum sırasında belirlenir ancak sonradan değiştirilebilir. Local ağda da aynı ad kullanılır.

Kod Seç Genişlet

whoami

Örnek çıktı:

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megalanya

Sistemde tanımlı olan kullanıcı adınızı ekrana bastırır. Bilgisayar adı gibi bu seçenekte kurulum esnasında belirlenir ancak daha sonra değiştirilebilir.

Kod Seç Genişlet

last reboot

Örnek çıktı:

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reboot   system boot  4.15.0-72-generi Sat Jan  4 15:39   still running
reboot   system boot  4.15.0-72-generi Fri Jan  3 15:29 - 07:49  (16:19)
reboot   system boot  4.15.0-72-generi Thu Jan  2 15:56 - 08:10  (16:14)

Son sistem oturumları hakkında bilgi veren komut.

Kod Seç Genişlet

date

Örnek çıktı:

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Sun Jan  5 06:20:19 +03 2020

Tarihi ve saati ekrana yazdıran komut.

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sudo su

Admin (root) yetkisi verir.

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screenfetch

Örnek çıktı:

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                          ./+o+-       ubuntu@Bilgisayar
                  yyyyy- -yyyyyy+      OS: Ubuntu 16.04 xenial
               ://+//////-yyyyyyo      Kernel: x86_64 Linux 4.15.0-72-generic
           .++ .:/++++++/-.+sss/`      Uptime: 14h 42m
         .:++o:  /++++++++/:--:/-      Packages: 3281
        o:+o+:++.`..```.-/oo+++++/     Shell: bash 4.3.48
       .:+o:+o/.          `+sssoo+/    Resolution: 1440x900
  .++/+:+oo+o:`             /sssooo.   DE: Unity 7.4.5
/+++//+:`oo+o               /::--:.   WM: Compiz
\+/+o+++`o++o               ++////.   WM Theme: Ambiance
  .++.o+++oo+:`             /dddhhh.   GTK Theme: Ambiance [GTK2/3]
       .+.o+oo:.          `oddhhhh+    Icon Theme: ubuntu-mono-dark
        \+.++o+o``-````.:ohdhhhhh+     Font: Ubuntu 11
         `:o+++ `ohhhhhhhhyo++os:      CPU: Intel Core i3-4160 CPU @ 3.6GHz
           .o:`.syhhhhhhh/.oo++o`      GPU: AMD CEDAR (DRM 2.50.0 / 4.15.0-72-generic, LLVM 6.0.0)
               /osyyyyyyo++ooo+++/     RAM: 1564MiB / 3839MiB
                   ````` +oo+++o\:
                          `oo++.   



Sistem ve donanım bilgileri hakkında ki temel bilgileri ekrana bastıran komut. Not: Bunun için screenfetch paketinin sistemde kurulu olması gerekmektedir. Bazı GNU/Linux dağıtımların da mevcuttur ancak sizin sisteminiz de kurulu değilse kurmak için:

Kod Seç Genişlet

sudo apt-get install screenfetch

Not 2: Yukarıda ki komut sadece APT paket yöneticisini kullanan dağıtımlar da çalışır. Kullandığınız dağıtım farklı bir paket yöneticisi kullanıyor ise ona özgü komutları araştırıp öğrenin.

ping programı, 1983 yılında Mike Muuss tarafından yazılmış bir programdır. Bir makineye genelde 32 baytlık bir ICMP pakedi gönderir ve aynı paketin geri gelmesini bekler. Bu basit program, birçok işe yarayabilir. Sunucu size ne kadar uzak ise, bu süre de o kadar artmaktadır. Örneğin Türkiye'de ki sunuculara 40ms ile bağlanırken, Almanya'daki bir sunucuya bağlanmak istediğinizde mesafe arttığı için bu süre 90ms gibi seviyelere çıkabilir.

Örnek kullanım:

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ping google.com.tr

Örnek çıktı:

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PING google.com.tr (172.217.169.163) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from sof02s33-in-f3.1e100.net (172.217.169.163): icmp_seq=1 ttl=48 time=35.9 ms
64 bytes from sof02s33-in-f3.1e100.net (172.217.169.163): icmp_seq=2 ttl=48 time=35.1 ms
64 bytes from sof02s33-in-f3.1e100.net (172.217.169.163): icmp_seq=3 ttl=48 time=35.3 ms
64 bytes from sof02s33-in-f3.1e100.net (172.217.169.163): icmp_seq=4 ttl=48 time=35.3 ms
64 bytes from sof02s33-in-f3.1e100.net (172.217.169.163): icmp_seq=5 ttl=48 time=35.4 ms

Not: Windows'larda da ping komutu aynı şekilde kullanılabilir.

traceroute komutu TCP/IP protokolünde ağ paketlerinin izledikleri rotayı izlememize olanak sağlar. Örnek kullanım:

Kod Seç Genişlet

traceroute google.com.tr

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


1  192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1)  0.500 ms  0.833 ms  1.085 ms
2  172.17.1.227 (172.17.1.227)  6.434 ms  6.521 ms  7.276 ms
3  193.192.119.57 (193.192.119.57)  11.203 ms  11.441 ms  11.561 ms
4  193.192.119.58 (193.192.119.58)  8.522 ms  9.501 ms  9.558 ms
5  61.195.70.95.static.turk.net (95.70.195.61)  11.250 ms  11.779 ms  11.593 ms
6  159.146.22.234 (159.146.22.234)  11.012 ms  5.993 ms  6.923 ms
7  195.175.51.209.static.turktelekom.com.tr (195.175.51.209)  6.735 ms  6.649 ms  8.396 ms
8  00-gayrettepe-xrs-t2-2---00-gayrettepe-t3-9.statik.turktelekom.com.tr (81.212.29.48)  8.529 ms 00-gayrettepe-xrs-t2-2---00-gayrettepe-t3-9.statik.turktelekom.com.tr (212.156.121.138)  8.612 ms  8.851 ms
9  00-ebgp-gayrettepe-k---00-gayrettepe-xrs-t2-2.statik.turktelekom.com.tr (81.212.216.135)  8.940 ms 00-ebgp-gayrettepe-k---00-gayrettepe-xrs-t2-2.statik.turktelekom.com.tr (81.212.202.19)  9.166 ms  9.365 ms
10  307-sof-col-1---00-ebgp-gayrettepe-k.statik.turktelekom.com.tr (212.156.104.54)  18.324 ms 307-sof-col-1---00-ebgp-gayrettepe-k.statik.turktelekom.com.tr (212.156.104.22)  17.992 ms 307-sof-col-1---00-ebgp-gayrettepe-k.statik.turktelekom.com.tr (212.156.104.56)  18.106 ms
11  74.125.51.94 (74.125.51.94)  48.372 ms 72.14.222.58 (72.14.222.58)  39.059 ms 74.125.51.44 (74.125.51.44)  48.218 ms
12  * * *
13  sof02s33-in-f3.1e100.net (172.217.169.163)  41.630 ms 72.14.237.137 (72.14.237.137)  43.319 ms  43.460 ms


Not: Linux´ta ki traceroute komutunun Windows´ta ki karşılığı tracert komutudur. Tamamen aynı işlevi görür.

ifconfig komutu (arabirim yapılandırmasının kısaltması) Unix benzeri (Unix-like) işletim sistemlerinde komut satırından yapılandırma, kontrol ve TCP/IP ağ arabirim parametreleriyle sistem yapılandırma betiğidir. ifconfig aslında BSD'nin TCP/IP paketinin bir parçası olarak BSD4.2 de ortaya çıktı.

ifconfig yaygın kullanımı, IP Adresi ve ağmaskesi yapılandırması ve belirli bir arabirimi etkinleştirme veya devre dışı bırakmayı içerir. Çoğu Unix benzeri (Unix-like) işletim sistemlerinde açılış sırasında kabuk betikleri ile ifconfig ´i çağırarak kendi ağ arabirimlerini başlatırlar. Sistem yöneticilerinin ağ arabirimlerini görüntelemek ve analiz etmek için yardımcı bir program olarak kullanılabilir. Aşağıda Linux tabanlı bir işletim sisteminde örnek bir ifconfig çıktısı şöyle olabilir:

Kod Seç Genişlet


enp3s0    Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr fc:aa:14:15:90:80
          inet addr:192.168.1.102  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::fdc:76f:7d62:b3f2/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:2280515 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:1279610 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:2874801375 (2.8 GB)  TX bytes:129941122 (129.9 MB)

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:8019 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:8019 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:724107 (724.1 KB)  TX bytes:724107 (724.1 KB)


Kod Seç Genişlet

cal

Örnek çıktı:

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    January 2020   
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
          1  2  3  4
5  6  7  8  9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31


Ekrana mevcut ayın takvimini bastıran komut.

Kod Seç Genişlet

w

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


06:38:02 up 14:58,  1 user,  load average: 0.53, 0.34, 0.36
USER     TTY      FROM             LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT
ubuntu   tty7     :0               Sat15   14:57m  1:15m  0.62s /sbin/upstart --user


Sistemde oturum açmış olan kullanıcılar hakkında bilgi verir. İşyerleri ya da okul gibi çoklu çalışma ortamların da bu komut faydalı olabilir.

Kod Seç Genişlet

sudo reboot

Sistemi (bilgisayarı) yeniden başlatır. Kullanılabilmesi için admin yetkisini vermeniz gerekir.

Kod Seç Genişlet

poweroff

ya da

Kod Seç Genişlet

shutdown -h now

Sistemi (bilgisayarı) kapatır. Admin yetkisi gerektirmez.

exit komutu ise bash (Terminal) oturumunu kapatmaya yarar. Örnek kullanım:

Kod Seç Genişlet

exit

ya da çıkmak için CTRL + D kısayolunu da kullabilirsiniz.

finger komutu sistemde tanımlı kullanıcılar hakkında detaylı bilgiler verir. Örnek kullanım:

Kod Seç Genişlet

finger ubuntu

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


Directory: /home/ubuntu                Shell: /bin/bash
On since Sat Jan  4 15:40 (+03) on tty7 from :0
   15 hours 5 minutes idle
No mail.
No Plan.


Kod Seç Genişlet

vim

Terminal tabanlı hafif bir metin (text) editörüdür.

Not: Nasıl kullanılacağı hakkında detaylı bilgiler uzun olacağı için ve asıl konumuz bu olmadığı için başka bir konuda detaylı bir şekilde paylaşacağım.

Kod Seç Genişlet

git

Örnek çıktı:

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usage: git [--version] [--help] [-C <path>] [-c name=value]
           [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
           [-p | --paginate | --no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
           [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
           <command> [<args>]

These are common Git commands used in various situations:

start a working area (see also: git help tutorial)
   clone      Clone a repository into a new directory
   init       Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one

work on the current change (see also: git help everyday)
   add        Add file contents to the index
   mv         Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink
   reset      Reset current HEAD to the specified state
   rm         Remove files from the working tree and from the index

examine the history and state (see also: git help revisions)
   bisect     Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug
   grep       Print lines matching a pattern
   log        Show commit logs
   show       Show various types of objects
   status     Show the working tree status

grow, mark and tweak your common history
   branch     List, create, or delete branches
   checkout   Switch branches or restore working tree files
   commit     Record changes to the repository
   diff       Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc
   merge      Join two or more development histories together
   rebase     Forward-port local commits to the updated upstream head
   tag        Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG

collaborate (see also: git help workflows)
   fetch      Download objects and refs from another repository
   pull       Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch
   push       Update remote refs along with associated objects

'git help -a' and 'git help -g' list available subcommands and some
concept guides. See 'git help <command>' or 'git help <concept>'
to read about a specific subcommand or concept.


git, geliştiriciler için versyon kontrol yazılımıdır.

Not: Nasıl kullanılacağı hakkında detaylı bilgiler uzun olacağı için ve asıl konumuz bu olmadığı için başka bir konuda detaylı bir şekilde paylaşacağım.

Kod Seç Genişlet

echo "user:passwd" | chpasswd

Sistem parolasını değiştirmek için bu komutu kullanabilirsiniz. Ayrıca echo komutu ekrana bir şeyler yazdırmaya da yarar. Tıpkı Python´da ki print ya da C´de ki printf fonksiyonları gibi. Örnek kullanım:

Kod Seç Genişlet

echo Merhaba dünya!

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet

Merhaba dünya!

Aynı işlemi çok kez tekrar etmesini istiyorsanız döngüleri kullanabilirsiniz. Örneğin:

Kod Seç Genişlet

for ((a=1; a<=10; a++)) do echo Merhaba dünya; done

komutu ekrana 10 defa "Merhaba dünya" yazısını yazdırır. Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


Merhaba dünya
Merhaba dünya
Merhaba dünya
Merhaba dünya
Merhaba dünya
Merhaba dünya
Merhaba dünya
Merhaba dünya
Merhaba dünya
Merhaba dünya


Not: Linux komutların da döngülerin kullanımı C´de ve C++´da gördüklerimiz ile hemen hemen aynıdır. Çünkü Linux (ve kabuğu bash) C dili ile yazılmışlardır.

Kod Seç Genişlet

dmesg

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


[    0.000000] microcode: microcode updated early to revision 0x27, date = 2019-02-26
[    0.000000] Linux version 4.15.0-72-generic (buildd@lcy01-amd64-023) (gcc version 5.4.0 20160609 (Ubuntu 5.4.0-6ubuntu1~16.04.12)) #81~16.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Tue Nov 26 16:34:21 UTC 2019 (Ubuntu 4.15.0-72.81~16.04.1-generic 4.15.18)
[    0.000000] Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-72-generic root=UUID=122dcc97-414b-47af-8232-182c586bf353 ro quiet splash
[    0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus:
[    0.000000]   Intel GenuineIntel
[    0.000000]   AMD AuthenticAMD
[    0.000000]   Centaur CentaurHauls
[    0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x001: 'x87 floating point registers'
[    0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x002: 'SSE registers'
[    0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x004: 'AVX registers'
[    0.000000] x86/fpu: xstate_offset[2]:  576, xstate_sizes[2]:  256
[    0.000000] x86/fpu: Enabled xstate features 0x7, context size is 832 bytes, using 'standard' format.
[    0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009d7ff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009d800-0x000000000009ffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000e0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x00000000b8403fff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000b8404000-0x00000000b840afff] ACPI NVS
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000b840b000-0x00000000b8c6afff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000b8c6b000-0x00000000b8e9ffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000b8ea0000-0x00000000ca289fff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000ca28a000-0x00000000ca321fff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000ca322000-0x00000000ca363fff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000ca364000-0x00000000ca426fff] ACPI NVS
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000ca427000-0x00000000caffefff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000cafff000-0x00000000caffffff] usable
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000cb800000-0x00000000cf9fffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000f8000000-0x00000000fbffffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fec00000-0x00000000fec00fff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fed00000-0x00000000fed03fff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fed1c000-0x00000000fed1ffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fee00000-0x00000000fee00fff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000ff000000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved
[    0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000100000000-0x000000012f5fffff] usable
[    0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active
[    0.000000] SMBIOS 2.7 present.
[    0.000000] DMI: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd. H81M-DS2/H81M-DS2, BIOS FI 06/19/2014
[    0.000000] e820: update [mem 0x00000000-0x00000fff] usable ==> reserved
[    0.000000] e820: remove [mem 0x000a0000-0x000fffff] usable
[    0.000000] e820: last_pfn = 0x12f600 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000
[    0.000000] MTRR default type: uncachable
[    0.000000] MTRR fixed ranges enabled:
[    0.000000]   00000-9FFFF write-back
[    0.000000]   A0000-BFFFF uncachable
[    0.000000]   C0000-CFFFF write-protect
[    0.000000]   D0000-E7FFF uncachable
[    0.000000]   E8000-FFFFF write-protect
[    0.000000] MTRR variable ranges enabled:
[    0.000000]   0 base 0000000000 mask 7F00000000 write-back
[    0.000000]   1 base 0100000000 mask 7FE0000000 write-back
[    0.000000]   2 base 0120000000 mask 7FF0000000 write-back
[    0.000000]   3 base 00E0000000 mask 7FE0000000 uncachable
[    0.000000]   4 base 00D0000000 mask 7FF0000000 uncachable
[    0.000000]   5 base 00CC000000 mask 7FFC000000 uncachable
[    0.000000]   6 base 00CB800000 mask 7FFF800000 uncachable
[    0.000000]   7 base 012F800000 mask 7FFF800000 uncachable
[    0.000000]   8 base 012F600000 mask 7FFFE00000 uncachable
[    0.000000]   9 disabled
[    0.000000] x86/PAT: Configuration [0-7]: WB  WC  UC- UC  WB  WP  UC- WT
[    0.000000] total RAM covered: 4014M
[    0.000000] Found optimal setting for mtrr clean up
[    0.000000]  gran_size: 64K     chunk_size: 16M     num_reg: 9      lose cover RAM: 0G
[    0.000000] e820: update [mem 0xcb800000-0xffffffff] usable ==> reserved
[    0.000000] e820: last_pfn = 0xcb000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000
[    0.000000] found SMP MP-table at [mem 0x000fd6f0-0x000fd6ff]
[    0.000000] Scanning 1 areas for low memory corruption
[    0.000000] Using GB pages for direct mapping
[    0.000000] BRK [0x7533f000, 0x7533ffff] PGTABLE
[    0.000000] BRK [0x75340000, 0x75340fff] PGTABLE
[    0.000000] BRK [0x75341000, 0x75341fff] PGTABLE
[    0.000000] BRK [0x75342000, 0x75342fff] PGTABLE
[    0.000000] BRK [0x75343000, 0x75343fff] PGTABLE
[    0.000000] BRK [0x75344000, 0x75344fff] PGTABLE
[    0.000000] BRK [0x75345000, 0x75345fff] PGTABLE
[    0.000000] BRK [0x75346000, 0x75346fff] PGTABLE
[    0.000000] BRK [0x75347000, 0x75347fff] PGTABLE
[    0.000000] BRK [0x75348000, 0x75348fff] PGTABLE
[    0.000000] RAMDISK: [mem 0x314da000-0x34a64fff]
[    0.000000] ACPI: Early table checksum verification disabled
[    0.000000] ACPI: RSDP 0x00000000000F0490 000024 (v02 ALASKA)
[    0.000000] ACPI: XSDT 0x00000000CA3F4078 00006C (v01 ALASKA A M I    01072009 AMI  00010013)
[    0.000000] ACPI: FACP 0x00000000CA4009A0 00010C (v05 ALASKA A M I    01072009 AMI  00010013)
[    0.000000] ACPI: DSDT 0x00000000CA3F4178 00C826 (v02 ALASKA A M I    00000088 INTL 20091112)
[    0.000000] ACPI: FACS 0x00000000CA425080 000040
[    0.000000] ACPI: APIC 0x00000000CA400AB0 000072 (v03 ALASKA A M I    01072009 AMI  00010013)
[    0.000000] ACPI: FPDT 0x00000000CA400B28 000044 (v01 ALASKA A M I    01072009 AMI  00010013)
[    0.000000] ACPI: SSDT 0x00000000CA400B70 000539 (v01 PmRef  Cpu0Ist  00003000 INTL 20120711)
[    0.000000] ACPI: SSDT 0x00000000CA4010B0 000AD8 (v01 PmRef  CpuPm    00003000 INTL 20120711)
[    0.000000] ACPI: MCFG 0x00000000CA401B88 00003C (v01 ALASKA A M I    01072009 MSFT 00000097)
[    0.000000] ACPI: HPET 0x00000000CA401BC8 000038 (v01 ALASKA A M I    01072009 AMI. 00000005)
[    0.000000] ACPI: SSDT 0x00000000CA401C00 00036D (v01 SataRe SataTabl 00001000 INTL 20120711)
[    0.000000] ACPI: SSDT 0x00000000CA401F70 0034E1 (v01 SaSsdt SaSsdt   00003000 INTL 20091112)
[    0.000000] ACPI: Local APIC address 0xfee00000
[    0.000000] No NUMA configuration found
[    0.000000] Faking a node at [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000012f5fffff]
[    0.000000] NODE_DATA(0) allocated [mem 0x12f5d3000-0x12f5fdfff]
[    0.000000] tsc: Fast TSC calibration using PIT
[    0.000000] Zone ranges:
[    0.000000]   DMA      [mem 0x0000000000001000-0x0000000000ffffff]
[    0.000000]   DMA32    [mem 0x0000000001000000-0x00000000ffffffff]
[    0.000000]   Normal   [mem 0x0000000100000000-0x000000012f5fffff]
[    0.000000]   Device   empty
[    0.000000] Movable zone start for each node
[    0.000000] Early memory node ranges
[    0.000000]   node   0: [mem 0x0000000000001000-0x000000000009cfff]
[    0.000000]   node   0: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x00000000b8403fff]
[    0.000000]   node   0: [mem 0x00000000b840b000-0x00000000b8c6afff]
[    0.000000]   node   0: [mem 0x00000000b8ea0000-0x00000000ca289fff]
[    0.000000]   node   0: [mem 0x00000000ca322000-0x00000000ca363fff]
[    0.000000]   node   0: [mem 0x00000000cafff000-0x00000000caffffff]
[    0.000000]   node   0: [mem 0x0000000100000000-0x000000012f5fffff]
[    0.000000] Reserved but unavailable: 100 pages
[    0.000000] Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000000001000-0x000000012f5fffff]
[    0.000000] On node 0 totalpages: 1021485
[    0.000000]   DMA zone: 64 pages used for memmap
[    0.000000]   DMA zone: 21 pages reserved
[    0.000000]   DMA zone: 3996 pages, LIFO batch:0
[    0.000000]   DMA32 zone: 12867 pages used for memmap
[    0.000000]   DMA32 zone: 823441 pages, LIFO batch:31
[    0.000000]   Normal zone: 3032 pages used for memmap
[    0.000000]   Normal zone: 194048 pages, LIFO batch:31
[    0.000000] Reserving Intel graphics memory at 0x00000000cba00000-0x00000000cf9fffff
[    0.000000] ACPI: PM-Timer IO Port: 0x1808
[    0.000000] ACPI: Local APIC address 0xfee00000
[    0.000000] ACPI: LAPIC_NMI (acpi_id[0xff] high edge lint[0x1])
[    0.000000] IOAPIC[0]: apic_id 8, version 32, address 0xfec00000, GSI 0-23
[    0.000000] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 0 global_irq 2 dfl dfl)
[    0.000000] ACPI: INT_SRC_OVR (bus 0 bus_irq 9 global_irq 9 high level)
[    0.000000] ACPI: IRQ0 used by override.
[    0.000000] ACPI: IRQ9 used by override.
[    0.000000] Using ACPI (MADT) for SMP configuration information
[    0.000000] ACPI: HPET id: 0x8086a701 base: 0xfed00000
[    0.000000] smpboot: Allowing 4 CPUs, 0 hotplug CPUs
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x00000000-0x00000fff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x0009d000-0x0009dfff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x0009e000-0x0009ffff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x000a0000-0x000dffff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x000e0000-0x000fffff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xb8404000-0xb840afff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xb8c6b000-0xb8e9ffff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xca28a000-0xca321fff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xca364000-0xca426fff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xca427000-0xcaffefff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xcb000000-0xcb7fffff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xcb800000-0xcf9fffff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xcfa00000-0xf7ffffff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xf8000000-0xfbffffff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xfc000000-0xfebfffff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xfec00000-0xfec00fff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xfec01000-0xfecfffff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xfed00000-0xfed03fff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xfed04000-0xfed1bfff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xfed1c000-0xfed1ffff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xfed20000-0xfedfffff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xfee00000-0xfee00fff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xfee01000-0xfeffffff]
[    0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0xff000000-0xffffffff]
[    0.000000] e820: [mem 0xcfa00000-0xf7ffffff] available for PCI devices
[    0.000000] Booting paravirtualized kernel on bare hardware
[    0.000000] clocksource: refined-jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 7645519600211568 ns
[    0.000000] random: get_random_bytes called from start_kernel+0x99/0x51b with crng_init=0
[    0.000000] setup_percpu: NR_CPUS:8192 nr_cpumask_bits:4 nr_cpu_ids:4 nr_node_ids:1
[    0.000000] percpu: Embedded 45 pages/cpu s147456 r8192 d28672 u524288
[    0.000000] pcpu-alloc: s147456 r8192 d28672 u524288 alloc=1*2097152
[    0.000000] pcpu-alloc: [0] 0 1 2 3
[    0.000000] Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on.  Total pages: 1005501
[    0.000000] Policy zone: Normal
[    0.000000] Kernel command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-72-generic root=UUID=122dcc97-414b-47af-8232-182c586bf353 ro quiet splash
[    0.000000] Calgary: detecting Calgary via BIOS EBDA area
[    0.000000] Calgary: Unable to locate Rio Grande table in EBDA - bailing!
[    0.000000] Memory: 3870636K/4085940K available (12300K kernel code, 2480K rwdata, 4212K rodata, 2428K init, 2388K bss, 215304K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)
[    0.000000] SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=4, Nodes=1
[    0.000000] Kernel/User page tables isolation: enabled
[    0.000000] ftrace: allocating 39298 entries in 154 pages
[    0.000000] Hierarchical RCU implementation.
[    0.000000]     RCU restricting CPUs from NR_CPUS=8192 to nr_cpu_ids=4.
[    0.000000]     Tasks RCU enabled.
[    0.000000] RCU: Adjusting geometry for rcu_fanout_leaf=16, nr_cpu_ids=4
[    0.000000] NR_IRQS: 524544, nr_irqs: 456, preallocated irqs: 16
[    0.000000] Console: colour VGA+ 80x25
[    0.000000] console [tty0] enabled
[    0.000000] ACPI: Core revision 20170831
[    0.000000] ACPI: 5 ACPI AML tables successfully acquired and loaded
[    0.000000] clocksource: hpet: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 133484882848 ns
[    0.000000] hpet clockevent registered
[    0.000000] APIC: Switch to symmetric I/O mode setup
[    0.000000] ..TIMER: vector=0x30 apic1=0 pin1=2 apic2=0 pin2=0
[    0.020000] tsc: Fast TSC calibration using PIT
[    0.024000] tsc: Detected 3591.830 MHz processor
[    0.024000] Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 7183.66 BogoMIPS (lpj=14367320)
[    0.024000] pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301
[    0.024000] Security Framework initialized
[    0.024000] Yama: becoming mindful.
[    0.024000] AppArmor: AppArmor initialized
[    0.024000] Dentry cache hash table entries: 524288 (order: 10, 4194304 bytes)
[    0.024000] Inode-cache hash table entries: 262144 (order: 9, 2097152 bytes)
[    0.024000] Mount-cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
[    0.024000] Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
[    0.024000] CPU0: Thermal monitoring enabled (TM1)
[    0.024000] process: using mwait in idle threads
[    0.024000] Last level iTLB entries: 4KB 1024, 2MB 1024, 4MB 1024
[    0.024000] Last level dTLB entries: 4KB 1024, 2MB 1024, 4MB 1024, 1GB 4
[    0.024000] Spectre V1 : Mitigation: usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization
[    0.024000] Spectre V2 : Mitigation: Full generic retpoline
[    0.024000] Spectre V2 : Spectre v2 / SpectreRSB mitigation: Filling RSB on context switch
[    0.024000] Spectre V2 : Enabling Restricted Speculation for firmware calls
[    0.024000] Spectre V2 : mitigation: Enabling conditional Indirect Branch Prediction Barrier
[    0.024000] Spectre V2 : User space: Mitigation: STIBP via seccomp and prctl
[    0.024000] Speculative Store Bypass: Mitigation: Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl and seccomp
[    0.024000] MDS: Mitigation: Clear CPU buffers
[    0.030580] Freeing SMP alternatives memory: 36K
[    0.032054] TSC deadline timer enabled
[    0.032056] smpboot: CPU0: Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-4160 CPU @ 3.60GHz (family: 0x6, model: 0x3c, stepping: 0x3)
[    0.032106] Performance Events: PEBS fmt2+, Haswell events, 16-deep LBR, full-width counters, Intel PMU driver.
[    0.032138] ... version:                3
[    0.032139] ... bit width:              48
[    0.032139] ... generic registers:      4
[    0.032140] ... value mask:             0000ffffffffffff
[    0.032140] ... max period:             00007fffffffffff
[    0.032140] ... fixed-purpose events:   3
[    0.032141] ... event mask:             000000070000000f
[    0.032169] Hierarchical SRCU implementation.
[    0.032889] NMI watchdog: Enabled. Permanently consumes one hw-PMU counter.
[    0.032900] smp: Bringing up secondary CPUs ...
[    0.032958] x86: Booting SMP configuration:
[    0.032959] .... node  #0, CPUs:      #1 #2
[    0.034568] MDS CPU bug present and SMT on, data leak possible. See https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/hw-vuln/mds.html for more details.
[    0.034568]  #3
[    0.034568] smp: Brought up 1 node, 4 CPUs
[    0.034568] smpboot: Max logical packages: 1
[    0.034568] smpboot: Total of 4 processors activated (28734.64 BogoMIPS)
[    0.036147] devtmpfs: initialized
[    0.036147] x86/mm: Memory block size: 128MB
[    0.036260] evm: security.selinux
[    0.036261] evm: security.SMACK64
[    0.036261] evm: security.SMACK64EXEC
[    0.036261] evm: security.SMACK64TRANSMUTE
[    0.036261] evm: security.SMACK64MMAP
[    0.036262] evm: security.apparmor
[    0.036262] evm: security.ima
[    0.036262] evm: security.capability
[    0.036272] PM: Registering ACPI NVS region [mem 0xb8404000-0xb840afff] (28672 bytes)
[    0.036272] PM: Registering ACPI NVS region [mem 0xca364000-0xca426fff] (798720 bytes)
[    0.036272] clocksource: jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 7645041785100000 ns
[    0.036272] futex hash table entries: 1024 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
[    0.036272] pinctrl core: initialized pinctrl subsystem
[    0.036272] RTC time: 12:31:59, date: 01/05/20
[    0.036272] NET: Registered protocol family 16
[    0.036272] audit: initializing netlink subsys (disabled)
[    0.036272] audit: type=2000 audit(1578227519.036:1): state=initialized audit_enabled=0 res=1
[    0.036272] cpuidle: using governor ladder
[    0.036272] cpuidle: using governor menu
[    0.036272] ACPI: bus type PCI registered
[    0.036272] acpiphp: ACPI Hot Plug PCI Controller Driver version: 0.5
[    0.036272] PCI: MMCONFIG for domain 0000 [bus 00-3f] at [mem 0xf8000000-0xfbffffff] (base 0xf8000000)
[    0.036272] PCI: MMCONFIG at [mem 0xf8000000-0xfbffffff] reserved in E820
[    0.036272] PCI: Using configuration type 1 for base access
[    0.036272] core: PMU erratum BJ122, BV98, HSD29 worked around, HT is on
[    0.036654] HugeTLB registered 1.00 GiB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
[    0.036654] HugeTLB registered 2.00 MiB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages
[    0.036654] ACPI: Added _OSI(Module Device)
[    0.036654] ACPI: Added _OSI(Processor Device)
[    0.036654] ACPI: Added _OSI(3.0 _SCP Extensions)
[    0.036654] ACPI: Added _OSI(Processor Aggregator Device)
[    0.036654] ACPI: Added _OSI(Linux-Dell-Video)
[    0.036654] ACPI: Added _OSI(Linux-Lenovo-NV-HDMI-Audio)
[    0.036654] ACPI: Added _OSI(Linux-HPI-Hybrid-Graphics)
[    0.036654] ACPI: Executed 1 blocks of module-level executable AML code
[    0.041459] ACPI: [Firmware Bug]: BIOS _OSI(Linux) query ignored
[    0.042107] ACPI: Dynamic OEM Table Load:
[    0.042107] ACPI: SSDT 0xFFFF8CB1A9E13400 0003D3 (v01 PmRef  Cpu0Cst  00003001 INTL 20120711)
[    0.042108] ACPI: Dynamic OEM Table Load:
[    0.042108] ACPI: SSDT 0xFFFF8CB1A9E93800 0005AA (v01 PmRef  ApIst    00003000 INTL 20120711)
[    0.044087] ACPI: Dynamic OEM Table Load:
[    0.044090] ACPI: SSDT 0xFFFF8CB1A9F37400 000119 (v01 PmRef  ApCst    00003000 INTL 20120711)
[    0.044210] ACPI: Interpreter enabled
[    0.044231] ACPI: (supports S0 S3 S4 S5)
[    0.044232] ACPI: Using IOAPIC for interrupt routing
[    0.044253] PCI: Using host bridge windows from ACPI; if necessary, use "pci=nocrs" and report a bug
[    0.044614] ACPI: Enabled 7 GPEs in block 00 to 3F
[    0.053016] ACPI: Power Resource [FN00] (off)
[    0.053076] ACPI: Power Resource [FN01] (off)
[    0.053133] ACPI: Power Resource [FN02] (off)
[    0.053190] ACPI: Power Resource [FN03] (off)
[    0.053246] ACPI: Power Resource [FN04] (off)
[    0.053928] ACPI: PCI Root Bridge [PCI0] (domain 0000 [bus 00-3e])
[    0.053932] acpi PNP0A08:00: _OSC: OS supports [ExtendedConfig ASPM ClockPM Segments MSI]
[    0.054460] acpi PNP0A08:00: _OSC: OS now controls [PCIeHotplug PME AER PCIeCapability]
[    0.054819] PCI host bridge to bus 0000:00
[    0.054820] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io  0x0000-0x0cf7 window]
[    0.054821] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [io  0x0d00-0xffff window]
[    0.054822] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x000a0000-0x000bffff window]
[    0.054822] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x000d0000-0x000d3fff window]
[    0.054823] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x000d4000-0x000d7fff window]
[    0.054824] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x000d8000-0x000dbfff window]
[    0.054824] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x000dc000-0x000dffff window]
[    0.054825] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x000e0000-0x000e3fff window]
[    0.054826] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0x000e4000-0x000e7fff window]
[    0.054826] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [mem 0xcfa00000-0xfeafffff window]
[    0.054827] pci_bus 0000:00: root bus resource [bus 00-3e]
[    0.054832] pci 0000:00:00.0: [8086:0c00] type 00 class 0x060000
[    0.054898] pci 0000:00:01.0: [8086:0c01] type 01 class 0x060400
[    0.054924] pci 0000:00:01.0: PME# supported from D0 D3hot D3cold
[    0.055020] pci 0000:00:02.0: [8086:041e] type 00 class 0x030000
[    0.055029] pci 0000:00:02.0: reg 0x10: [mem 0xf7800000-0xf7bfffff 64bit]
[    0.055034] pci 0000:00:02.0: reg 0x18: [mem 0xd0000000-0xdfffffff 64bit pref]
[    0.055037] pci 0000:00:02.0: reg 0x20: [io  0xf000-0xf03f]
[    0.055096] pci 0000:00:03.0: [8086:0c0c] type 00 class 0x040300
[    0.055103] pci 0000:00:03.0: reg 0x10: [mem 0xf7e14000-0xf7e17fff 64bit]
[    0.055180] pci 0000:00:14.0: [8086:8c31] type 00 class 0x0c0330
[    0.055196] pci 0000:00:14.0: reg 0x10: [mem 0xf7e00000-0xf7e0ffff 64bit]
[    0.055244] pci 0000:00:14.0: PME# supported from D3hot D3cold
[    0.055294] pci 0000:00:16.0: [8086:8c3a] type 00 class 0x078000
[    0.055311] pci 0000:00:16.0: reg 0x10: [mem 0xf7e1e000-0xf7e1e00f 64bit]
[    0.055363] pci 0000:00:16.0: PME# supported from D0 D3hot D3cold
[    0.055419] pci 0000:00:1a.0: [8086:8c2d] type 00 class 0x0c0320
[    0.055436] pci 0000:00:1a.0: reg 0x10: [mem 0xf7e1c000-0xf7e1c3ff]
[    0.055505] pci 0000:00:1a.0: PME# supported from D0 D3hot D3cold
[    0.055558] pci 0000:00:1b.0: [8086:8c20] type 00 class 0x040300
[    0.055574] pci 0000:00:1b.0: reg 0x10: [mem 0xf7e10000-0xf7e13fff 64bit]
[    0.055630] pci 0000:00:1b.0: PME# supported from D0 D3hot D3cold
[    0.055685] pci 0000:00:1c.0: [8086:8c10] type 01 class 0x060400
[    0.055743] pci 0000:00:1c.0: PME# supported from D0 D3hot D3cold
[    0.055835] pci 0000:00:1c.2: [8086:8c14] type 01 class 0x060400
[    0.055894] pci 0000:00:1c.2: PME# supported from D0 D3hot D3cold
[    0.055988] pci 0000:00:1d.0: [8086:8c26] type 00 class 0x0c0320
[    0.056006] pci 0000:00:1d.0: reg 0x10: [mem 0xf7e1b000-0xf7e1b3ff]
[    0.056076] pci 0000:00:1d.0: PME# supported from D0 D3hot D3cold
[    0.056131] pci 0000:00:1f.0: [8086:8c5c] type 00 class 0x060100
[    0.058065] pci 0000:00:1f.2: [8086:8c02] type 00 class 0x010601
[    0.058078] pci 0000:00:1f.2: reg 0x10: [io  0xf0b0-0xf0b7]
[    0.058083] pci 0000:00:1f.2: reg 0x14: [io  0xf0a0-0xf0a3]
[    0.058088] pci 0000:00:1f.2: reg 0x18: [io  0xf090-0xf097]
[    0.058093] pci 0000:00:1f.2: reg 0x1c: [io  0xf080-0xf083]
[    0.058098] pci 0000:00:1f.2: reg 0x20: [io  0xf060-0xf07f]
[    0.058104] pci 0000:00:1f.2: reg 0x24: [mem 0xf7e1a000-0xf7e1a7ff]
[    0.058131] pci 0000:00:1f.2: PME# supported from D3hot
[    0.058179] pci 0000:00:1f.3: [8086:8c22] type 00 class 0x0c0500
[    0.058192] pci 0000:00:1f.3: reg 0x10: [mem 0xf7e19000-0xf7e190ff 64bit]
[    0.058208] pci 0000:00:1f.3: reg 0x20: [io  0xf040-0xf05f]
[    0.058294] pci 0000:01:00.0: [1002:68f9] type 00 class 0x030000
[    0.058308] pci 0000:01:00.0: reg 0x10: [mem 0xe0000000-0xefffffff 64bit pref]
[    0.058315] pci 0000:01:00.0: reg 0x18: [mem 0xf7d20000-0xf7d3ffff 64bit]
[    0.058320] pci 0000:01:00.0: reg 0x20: [io  0xe000-0xe0ff]
[    0.058329] pci 0000:01:00.0: reg 0x30: [mem 0xf7d00000-0xf7d1ffff pref]
[    0.058357] pci 0000:01:00.0: supports D1 D2
[    0.058391] pci 0000:01:00.1: [1002:aa68] type 00 class 0x040300
[    0.058405] pci 0000:01:00.1: reg 0x10: [mem 0xf7d40000-0xf7d43fff 64bit]
[    0.058453] pci 0000:01:00.1: supports D1 D2
[    0.068024] pci 0000:00:01.0: PCI bridge to [bus 01]
[    0.068025] pci 0000:00:01.0:   bridge window [io  0xe000-0xefff]
[    0.068027] pci 0000:00:01.0:   bridge window [mem 0xf7d00000-0xf7dfffff]
[    0.068029] pci 0000:00:01.0:   bridge window [mem 0xe0000000-0xefffffff 64bit pref]
[    0.068074] pci 0000:00:1c.0: PCI bridge to [bus 02]
[    0.068133] pci 0000:03:00.0: [10ec:8168] type 00 class 0x020000
[    0.068159] pci 0000:03:00.0: reg 0x10: [io  0xd000-0xd0ff]
[    0.068184] pci 0000:03:00.0: reg 0x18: [mem 0xf7c00000-0xf7c00fff 64bit]
[    0.068199] pci 0000:03:00.0: reg 0x20: [mem 0xf0000000-0xf0003fff 64bit pref]
[    0.068285] pci 0000:03:00.0: supports D1 D2
[    0.068286] pci 0000:03:00.0: PME# supported from D0 D1 D2 D3hot D3cold
[    0.080032] pci 0000:00:1c.2: PCI bridge to [bus 03]
[    0.080034] pci 0000:00:1c.2:   bridge window [io  0xd000-0xdfff]
[    0.080036] pci 0000:00:1c.2:   bridge window [mem 0xf7c00000-0xf7cfffff]
[    0.080039] pci 0000:00:1c.2:   bridge window [mem 0xf0000000-0xf00fffff 64bit pref]
[    0.080793] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKA] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 10 *11 12 14 15)
[    0.080839] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKB] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 *10 11 12 14 15)
[    0.080884] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKC] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 *10 11 12 14 15)
[    0.080928] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKD] (IRQs *3 4 5 6 10 11 12 14 15)
[    0.080972] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKE] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 10 11 12 14 15) *0, disabled.
[    0.081017] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKF] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 10 11 12 14 15) *0, disabled.
[    0.081061] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKG] (IRQs 3 4 5 6 10 *11 12 14 15)
[    0.081106] ACPI: PCI Interrupt Link [LNKH] (IRQs *3 4 5 6 10 11 12 14 15)
[    0.081503] SCSI subsystem initialized
[    0.081510] libata version 3.00 loaded.
[    0.081510] pci 0000:00:02.0: vgaarb: VGA device added: decodes=io+mem,owns=mem,locks=none
[    0.081510] pci 0000:01:00.0: vgaarb: setting as boot VGA device
[    0.081510] pci 0000:01:00.0: vgaarb: VGA device added: decodes=io+mem,owns=io+mem,locks=none
[    0.081510] pci 0000:00:02.0: vgaarb: no bridge control possible
[    0.081510] pci 0000:01:00.0: vgaarb: bridge control possible
[    0.081510] vgaarb: loaded
[    0.081510] ACPI: bus type USB registered
[    0.081510] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
[    0.081510] usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
[    0.081510] usbcore: registered new device driver usb
[    0.081510] EDAC MC: Ver: 3.0.0
[    0.081510] PCI: Using ACPI for IRQ routing
[    0.081510] PCI: pci_cache_line_size set to 64 bytes
[    0.081510] e820: reserve RAM buffer [mem 0x0009d800-0x0009ffff]
[    0.081510] e820: reserve RAM buffer [mem 0xb8404000-0xbbffffff]
[    0.081510] e820: reserve RAM buffer [mem 0xb8c6b000-0xbbffffff]
[    0.081510] e820: reserve RAM buffer [mem 0xca28a000-0xcbffffff]
[    0.081510] e820: reserve RAM buffer [mem 0xca364000-0xcbffffff]
[    0.081510] e820: reserve RAM buffer [mem 0xcb000000-0xcbffffff]
[    0.081510] e820: reserve RAM buffer [mem 0x12f600000-0x12fffffff]
[    0.081510] NetLabel: Initializing
[    0.081510] NetLabel:  domain hash size = 128
[    0.081510] NetLabel:  protocols = UNLABELED CIPSOv4 CALIPSO
[    0.081510] NetLabel:  unlabeled traffic allowed by default
[    0.084418] hpet0: at MMIO 0xfed00000, IRQs 2, 8, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
[    0.084421] hpet0: 8 comparators, 64-bit 14.318180 MHz counter
[    0.086439] clocksource: Switched to clocksource hpet
[    0.090885] VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.6.0
[    0.090899] VFS: Dquot-cache hash table entries: 512 (order 0, 4096 bytes)
[    0.090975] AppArmor: AppArmor Filesystem Enabled
[    0.090998] pnp: PnP ACPI init
[    0.091113] system 00:00: [mem 0xfed40000-0xfed44fff] has been reserved
[    0.091117] system 00:00: Plug and Play ACPI device, IDs PNP0c01 (active)
[    0.091283] system 00:01: [io  0x0680-0x069f] has been reserved
[    0.091284] system 00:01: [io  0xffff] has been reserved
[    0.091285] system 00:01: [io  0xffff] has been reserved
[    0.091285] system 00:01: [io  0xffff] has been reserved
[    0.091286] system 00:01: [io  0x1c00-0x1cfe] has been reserved
[    0.091287] system 00:01: [io  0x1d00-0x1dfe] has been reserved
[    0.091288] system 00:01: [io  0x1e00-0x1efe] has been reserved
[    0.091288] system 00:01: [io  0x1f00-0x1ffe] has been reserved
[    0.091289] system 00:01: [io  0x1800-0x18fe] has been reserved
[    0.091290] system 00:01: [io  0x164e-0x164f] has been reserved
[    0.091292] system 00:01: Plug and Play ACPI device, IDs PNP0c02 (active)
[    0.091307] pnp 00:02: Plug and Play ACPI device, IDs PNP0b00 (active)
[    0.091345] system 00:03: [io  0x1854-0x1857] has been reserved
[    0.091347] system 00:03: Plug and Play ACPI device, IDs INT3f0d PNP0c02 (active)
[    0.091463] system 00:04: [io  0x0a00-0x0a0f] has been reserved
[    0.091463] system 00:04: [io  0x0a30-0x0a3f] has been reserved
[    0.091464] system 00:04: [io  0x0a20-0x0a2f] has been reserved
[    0.091466] system 00:04: Plug and Play ACPI device, IDs PNP0c02 (active)
[    0.091694] pnp 00:05: [dma 0 disabled]
[    0.091722] pnp 00:05: Plug and Play ACPI device, IDs PNP0501 (active)
[    0.091984] pnp 00:06: [dma 0 disabled]
[    0.092086] pnp 00:06: Plug and Play ACPI device, IDs PNP0400 (active)
[    0.092124] system 00:07: [io  0x04d0-0x04d1] has been reserved
[    0.092126] system 00:07: Plug and Play ACPI device, IDs PNP0c02 (active)
[    0.092497] system 00:08: [mem 0xfed1c000-0xfed1ffff] has been reserved
[    0.092498] system 00:08: [mem 0xfed10000-0xfed17fff] has been reserved
[    0.092499] system 00:08: [mem 0xfed18000-0xfed18fff] has been reserved
[    0.092500] system 00:08: [mem 0xfed19000-0xfed19fff] has been reserved
[    0.092501] system 00:08: [mem 0xf8000000-0xfbffffff] has been reserved
[    0.092501] system 00:08: [mem 0xfed20000-0xfed3ffff] has been reserved
[    0.092502] system 00:08: [mem 0xfed90000-0xfed93fff] has been reserved
[    0.092503] system 00:08: [mem 0xfed45000-0xfed8ffff] has been reserved
[    0.092504] system 00:08: [mem 0xff000000-0xffffffff] has been reserved
[    0.092505] system 00:08: [mem 0xfee00000-0xfeefffff] could not be reserved
[    0.092506] system 00:08: [mem 0xf7fdf000-0xf7fdffff] has been reserved
[    0.092506] system 00:08: [mem 0xf7fe0000-0xf7feffff] has been reserved
[    0.092508] system 00:08: Plug and Play ACPI device, IDs PNP0c02 (active)
[    0.092713] pnp: PnP ACPI: found 9 devices
[    0.098245] clocksource: acpi_pm: mask: 0xffffff max_cycles: 0xffffff, max_idle_ns: 2085701024 ns
[    0.098263] pci 0000:00:01.0: PCI bridge to [bus 01]
[    0.098265] pci 0000:00:01.0:   bridge window [io  0xe000-0xefff]
[    0.098267] pci 0000:00:01.0:   bridge window [mem 0xf7d00000-0xf7dfffff]
[    0.098268] pci 0000:00:01.0:   bridge window [mem 0xe0000000-0xefffffff 64bit pref]
[    0.098270] pci 0000:00:1c.0: PCI bridge to [bus 02]
[    0.098278] pci 0000:00:1c.2: PCI bridge to [bus 03]
[    0.098279] pci 0000:00:1c.2:   bridge window [io  0xd000-0xdfff]
[    0.098282] pci 0000:00:1c.2:   bridge window [mem 0xf7c00000-0xf7cfffff]
[    0.098284] pci 0000:00:1c.2:   bridge window [mem 0xf0000000-0xf00fffff 64bit pref]
[    0.098289] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 4 [io  0x0000-0x0cf7 window]
[    0.098290] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 5 [io  0x0d00-0xffff window]
[    0.098290] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 6 [mem 0x000a0000-0x000bffff window]
[    0.098291] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 7 [mem 0x000d0000-0x000d3fff window]
[    0.098292] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 8 [mem 0x000d4000-0x000d7fff window]
[    0.098293] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 9 [mem 0x000d8000-0x000dbfff window]
[    0.098293] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 10 [mem 0x000dc000-0x000dffff window]
[    0.098294] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 11 [mem 0x000e0000-0x000e3fff window]
[    0.098295] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 12 [mem 0x000e4000-0x000e7fff window]
[    0.098295] pci_bus 0000:00: resource 13 [mem 0xcfa00000-0xfeafffff window]
[    0.098296] pci_bus 0000:01: resource 0 [io  0xe000-0xefff]
[    0.098297] pci_bus 0000:01: resource 1 [mem 0xf7d00000-0xf7dfffff]
[    0.098297] pci_bus 0000:01: resource 2 [mem 0xe0000000-0xefffffff 64bit pref]
[    0.098298] pci_bus 0000:03: resource 0 [io  0xd000-0xdfff]
[    0.098299] pci_bus 0000:03: resource 1 [mem 0xf7c00000-0xf7cfffff]
[    0.098300] pci_bus 0000:03: resource 2 [mem 0xf0000000-0xf00fffff 64bit pref]
[    0.098390] NET: Registered protocol family 2
[    0.098496] TCP established hash table entries: 32768 (order: 6, 262144 bytes)
[    0.098554] TCP bind hash table entries: 32768 (order: 7, 524288 bytes)
[    0.098648] TCP: Hash tables configured (established 32768 bind 32768)
[    0.098674] UDP hash table entries: 2048 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
[    0.098687] UDP-Lite hash table entries: 2048 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
[    0.098722] NET: Registered protocol family 1
[    0.140080] pci 0000:01:00.0: Video device with shadowed ROM at [mem 0x000c0000-0x000dffff]
[    0.140085] PCI: CLS 64 bytes, default 64
[    0.140110] Unpacking initramfs...
[    0.645111] Freeing initrd memory: 54828K
[    0.645152] PCI-DMA: Using software bounce buffering for IO (SWIOTLB)
[    0.645154] software IO TLB: mapped [mem 0xc628a000-0xca28a000] (64MB)
[    0.645353] Scanning for low memory corruption every 60 seconds
[    0.645778] Initialise system trusted keyrings
[    0.645784] Key type blacklist registered
[    0.645812] workingset: timestamp_bits=36 max_order=20 bucket_order=0
[    0.646471] zbud: loaded
[    0.646789] squashfs: version 4.0 (2009/01/31) Phillip Lougher
[    0.646869] fuse init (API version 7.26)
[    0.647842] Key type asymmetric registered
[    0.647842] Asymmetric key parser 'x509' registered
[    0.647860] Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 246)
[    0.647886] io scheduler noop registered
[    0.647887] io scheduler deadline registered
[    0.647902] io scheduler cfq registered (default)
[    0.648330] pcieport 0000:00:01.0: Signaling PME with IRQ 24
[    0.648345] pcieport 0000:00:1c.0: Signaling PME with IRQ 25
[    0.648358] pcieport 0000:00:1c.2: Signaling PME with IRQ 26
[    0.648399] intel_idle: MWAIT substates: 0x42120
[    0.648399] intel_idle: v0.4.1 model 0x3C
[    0.648491] intel_idle: lapic_timer_reliable_states 0xffffffff
[    0.648577] input: Power Button as /devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0C0C:00/input/input0
[    0.648595] ACPI: Power Button [PWRB]
[    0.648615] input: Power Button as /devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXPWRBN:00/input/input1
[    0.648627] ACPI: Power Button [PWRF]
[    0.649107] (NULL device *): hwmon_device_register() is deprecated. Please convert the driver to use hwmon_device_register_with_info().
[    0.649211] thermal LNXTHERM:00: registered as thermal_zone0
[    0.649211] ACPI: Thermal Zone [TZ00] (28 C)
[    0.649407] thermal LNXTHERM:01: registered as thermal_zone1
[    0.649407] ACPI: Thermal Zone [TZ01] (30 C)
[    0.649495] Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 32 ports, IRQ sharing enabled
[    0.669924] 00:05: ttyS0 at I/O 0x3f8 (irq = 4, base_baud = 115200) is a 16550A
[    0.671104] Linux agpgart interface v0.103
[    0.671979] loop: module loaded
[    0.672084] libphy: Fixed MDIO Bus: probed
[    0.672085] tun: Universal TUN/TAP device driver, 1.6
[    0.672104] PPP generic driver version 2.4.2
[    0.672128] ehci_hcd: USB 2.0 'Enhanced' Host Controller (EHCI) Driver
[    0.672129] ehci-pci: EHCI PCI platform driver
[    0.672207] ehci-pci 0000:00:1a.0: EHCI Host Controller
[    0.672211] ehci-pci 0000:00:1a.0: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
[    0.672220] ehci-pci 0000:00:1a.0: debug port 2
[    0.676113] ehci-pci 0000:00:1a.0: cache line size of 64 is not supported
[    0.676122] ehci-pci 0000:00:1a.0: irq 16, io mem 0xf7e1c000
[    0.692011] ehci-pci 0000:00:1a.0: USB 2.0 started, EHCI 1.00
[    0.692038] usb usb1: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0002
[    0.692039] usb usb1: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
[    0.692040] usb usb1: Product: EHCI Host Controller
[    0.692040] usb usb1: Manufacturer: Linux 4.15.0-72-generic ehci_hcd
[    0.692041] usb usb1: SerialNumber: 0000:00:1a.0
[    0.692206] hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found
[    0.692209] hub 1-0:1.0: 2 ports detected
[    0.692360] ehci-pci 0000:00:1d.0: EHCI Host Controller
[    0.692364] ehci-pci 0000:00:1d.0: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 2
[    0.692372] ehci-pci 0000:00:1d.0: debug port 2
[    0.696256] ehci-pci 0000:00:1d.0: cache line size of 64 is not supported
[    0.696261] ehci-pci 0000:00:1d.0: irq 23, io mem 0xf7e1b000
[    0.712043] ehci-pci 0000:00:1d.0: USB 2.0 started, EHCI 1.00
[    0.712064] usb usb2: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0002
[    0.712065] usb usb2: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
[    0.712065] usb usb2: Product: EHCI Host Controller
[    0.712066] usb usb2: Manufacturer: Linux 4.15.0-72-generic ehci_hcd
[    0.712067] usb usb2: SerialNumber: 0000:00:1d.0
[    0.712227] hub 2-0:1.0: USB hub found
[    0.712230] hub 2-0:1.0: 2 ports detected
[    0.712316] ehci-platform: EHCI generic platform driver
[    0.712322] ohci_hcd: USB 1.1 'Open' Host Controller (OHCI) Driver
[    0.712324] ohci-pci: OHCI PCI platform driver
[    0.712328] ohci-platform: OHCI generic platform driver
[    0.712332] uhci_hcd: USB Universal Host Controller Interface driver
[    0.712408] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: xHCI Host Controller
[    0.712411] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 3
[    0.713469] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: hcc params 0x200077c1 hci version 0x100 quirks 0x0000000000009810
[    0.713472] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: cache line size of 64 is not supported
[    0.713555] usb usb3: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0002
[    0.713556] usb usb3: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
[    0.713557] usb usb3: Product: xHCI Host Controller
[    0.713557] usb usb3: Manufacturer: Linux 4.15.0-72-generic xhci-hcd
[    0.713558] usb usb3: SerialNumber: 0000:00:14.0
[    0.713718] hub 3-0:1.0: USB hub found
[    0.713727] hub 3-0:1.0: 10 ports detected
[    0.715036] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: xHCI Host Controller
[    0.715038] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 4
[    0.715040] xhci_hcd 0000:00:14.0: Host supports USB 3.0  SuperSpeed
[    0.715057] usb usb4: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0003
[    0.715058] usb usb4: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
[    0.715058] usb usb4: Product: xHCI Host Controller
[    0.715059] usb usb4: Manufacturer: Linux 4.15.0-72-generic xhci-hcd
[    0.715059] usb usb4: SerialNumber: 0000:00:14.0
[    0.715220] hub 4-0:1.0: USB hub found
[    0.715224] hub 4-0:1.0: 2 ports detected
[    0.715402] i8042: PNP: No PS/2 controller found.
[    0.715564] mousedev: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
[    0.715664] rtc_cmos 00:02: RTC can wake from S4
[    0.715760] rtc_cmos 00:02: rtc core: registered rtc_cmos as rtc0
[    0.715781] rtc_cmos 00:02: alarms up to one month, y3k, 242 bytes nvram, hpet irqs
[    0.715785] i2c /dev entries driver
[    0.715817] device-mapper: uevent: version 1.0.3
[    0.715851] device-mapper: ioctl: 4.37.0-ioctl (2017-09-20) initialised: dm-devel@redhat.com
[    0.715856] intel_pstate: Intel P-state driver initializing
[    0.715950] ledtrig-cpu: registered to indicate activity on CPUs
[    0.716185] NET: Registered protocol family 10
[    0.718882] Segment Routing with IPv6
[    0.718895] NET: Registered protocol family 17
[    0.718923] Key type dns_resolver registered
[    0.719087] mce: Using 7 MCE banks
[    0.719097] RAS: Correctable Errors collector initialized.
[    0.719117] microcode: sig=0x306c3, pf=0x2, revision=0x27
[    0.719163] microcode: Microcode Update Driver: v2.2.
[    0.719169] sched_clock: Marking stable (719160658, 0)->(698669605, 20491053)
[    0.719303] registered taskstats version 1
[    0.719309] Loading compiled-in X.509 certificates
[    0.720934] Loaded X.509 cert 'Build time autogenerated kernel key: 2965683f1bdfba987dca992f31dabdbe0854c91e'
[    0.720947] zswap: loaded using pool lzo/zbud
[    0.723177] Key type big_key registered
[    0.723179] Key type trusted registered
[    0.724282] Key type encrypted registered
[    0.724284] AppArmor: AppArmor sha1 policy hashing enabled
[    0.724286] ima: No TPM chip found, activating TPM-bypass! (rc=-19)
[    0.724289] ima: Allocated hash algorithm: sha1
[    0.724298] evm: HMAC attrs: 0x1
[    0.724606]   Magic number: 4:94:531
[    0.724622] tty ttyS11: hash matches
[    0.724705] rtc_cmos 00:02: setting system clock to 2020-01-05 12:32:00 UTC (1578227520)
[    0.724760] BIOS EDD facility v0.16 2004-Jun-25, 0 devices found
[    0.724761] EDD information not available.
[    0.991759] Freeing unused kernel image memory: 2428K
[    1.016027] Write protecting the kernel read-only data: 20480k
[    1.016835] Freeing unused kernel image memory: 2008K
[    1.017079] Freeing unused kernel image memory: 1932K
[    1.022513] x86/mm: Checked W+X mappings: passed, no W+X pages found.
[    1.022514] x86/mm: Checking user space page tables
[    1.027890] x86/mm: Checked W+X mappings: passed, no W+X pages found.
[    1.028021] usb 1-1: new high-speed USB device number 2 using ehci-pci
[    1.036447] random: systemd-udevd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read)
[    1.036509] random: systemd-udevd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read)
[    1.036517] random: systemd-udevd: uninitialized urandom read (16 bytes read)
[    1.048004] usb 3-3: new low-speed USB device number 2 using xhci_hcd
[    1.048005] usb 2-1: new high-speed USB device number 2 using ehci-pci
[    1.086493] r8169 Gigabit Ethernet driver 2.3LK-NAPI loaded
[    1.087074] r8169 0000:03:00.0 eth0: RTL8168evl/8111evl at 0x        (ptrval), fc:aa:14:15:90:80, XID 0c900800 IRQ 28
[    1.087076] r8169 0000:03:00.0 eth0: jumbo features [frames: 9200 bytes, tx checksumming: ko]
[    1.103422] ahci 0000:00:1f.2: version 3.0
[    1.103609] ahci 0000:00:1f.2: AHCI 0001.0300 32 slots 4 ports 6 Gbps 0x21 impl SATA mode
[    1.103611] ahci 0000:00:1f.2: flags: 64bit ncq led clo pio slum part ems
[    1.119620] r8169 0000:03:00.0 enp3s0: renamed from eth0
[    1.121441] scsi host0: ahci
[    1.121541] scsi host1: ahci
[    1.121605] scsi host2: ahci
[    1.121667] scsi host3: ahci
[    1.121734] scsi host4: ahci
[    1.121796] scsi host5: ahci
[    1.121829] ata1: SATA max UDMA/133 abar m2048@0xf7e1a000 port 0xf7e1a100 irq 29
[    1.121830] ata2: DUMMY
[    1.121831] ata3: DUMMY
[    1.121831] ata4: DUMMY
[    1.121832] ata5: DUMMY
[    1.121833] ata6: SATA max UDMA/133 abar m2048@0xf7e1a000 port 0xf7e1a380 irq 29
[    1.129724] i915 0000:00:02.0: enabling device (0006 -> 0007)
[    1.129731] [drm] radeon kernel modesetting enabled.
[    1.130037] [drm] PipeC fused off
[    1.130038] [drm] initializing kernel modesetting (CEDAR 0x1002:0x68F9 0x1043:0x0473 0x00).
[    1.130047] [drm] Memory usable by graphics device = 2048M
[    1.130048] [drm] Replacing VGA console driver
[    1.130076] resource sanity check: requesting [mem 0x000c0000-0x000dffff], which spans more than PCI Bus 0000:00 [mem 0x000d0000-0x000d3fff window]
[    1.130080] caller pci_map_rom+0x5d/0xf0 mapping multiple BARs
[    1.130122] ATOM BIOS: 68F9.12.20.0.64.AS06
[    1.130183] radeon 0000:01:00.0: VRAM: 1024M 0x0000000000000000 - 0x000000003FFFFFFF (1024M used)
[    1.130184] radeon 0000:01:00.0: GTT: 1024M 0x0000000040000000 - 0x000000007FFFFFFF
[    1.130186] [drm] Detected VRAM RAM=1024M, BAR=256M
[    1.130186] [drm] RAM width 64bits DDR
[    1.130234] [TTM] Zone  kernel: Available graphics memory: 1965934 kiB
[    1.130235] [TTM] Initializing pool allocator
[    1.130239] [TTM] Initializing DMA pool allocator
[    1.130257] [drm] radeon: 1024M of VRAM memory ready
[    1.130259] [drm] radeon: 1024M of GTT memory ready.
[    1.130264] [drm] Loading CEDAR Microcode
[    1.130317] [drm] Internal thermal controller without fan control
[    1.133437] Console: switching to colour dummy device 80x25
[    1.148923] [drm] radeon: dpm initialized
[    1.148983] [drm] GART: num cpu pages 262144, num gpu pages 262144
[    1.149570] [drm] enabling PCIE gen 2 link speeds, disable with radeon.pcie_gen2=0
[    1.153741] [drm] Supports vblank timestamp caching Rev 2 (21.10.2013).
[    1.153742] [drm] Driver supports precise vblank timestamp query.
[    1.155789] i915 0000:00:02.0: vgaarb: changed VGA decodes: olddecodes=io+mem,decodes=none:owns=mem
[    1.155791] radeon 0000:01:00.0: vgaarb: changed VGA decodes: olddecodes=io+mem,decodes=none:owns=io+mem
[    1.165613] [drm] PCIE GART of 1024M enabled (table at 0x000000000014C000).
[    1.165707] radeon 0000:01:00.0: WB enabled
[    1.165708] radeon 0000:01:00.0: fence driver on ring 0 use gpu addr 0x0000000040000c00 and cpu addr 0x        (ptrval)
[    1.165709] radeon 0000:01:00.0: fence driver on ring 3 use gpu addr 0x0000000040000c0c and cpu addr 0x        (ptrval)
[    1.166074] radeon 0000:01:00.0: fence driver on ring 5 use gpu addr 0x000000000005c418 and cpu addr 0x        (ptrval)
[    1.166075] [drm] Supports vblank timestamp caching Rev 2 (21.10.2013).
[    1.166075] [drm] Driver supports precise vblank timestamp query.
[    1.166076] radeon 0000:01:00.0: radeon: MSI limited to 32-bit
[    1.166108] radeon 0000:01:00.0: radeon: using MSI.
[    1.166126] [drm] radeon: irq initialized.
[    1.182381] [drm] ring test on 0 succeeded in 1 usecs
[    1.182385] [drm] ring test on 3 succeeded in 2 usecs
[    1.184406] usb 1-1: New USB device found, idVendor=8087, idProduct=8008
[    1.184407] usb 1-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=0, Product=0, SerialNumber=0
[    1.184550] hub 1-1:1.0: USB hub found
[    1.184653] hub 1-1:1.0: 4 ports detected
[    1.199352] usb 3-3: New USB device found, idVendor=046d, idProduct=c077
[    1.199353] usb 3-3: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=0
[    1.199354] usb 3-3: Product: USB Optical Mouse
[    1.199355] usb 3-3: Manufacturer: Logitech
[    1.212400] usb 2-1: New USB device found, idVendor=8087, idProduct=8000
[    1.212401] usb 2-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=0, Product=0, SerialNumber=0
[    1.212531] hub 2-1:1.0: USB hub found
[    1.212649] hub 2-1:1.0: 6 ports detected
[    1.323983] usb 3-4: new low-speed USB device number 3 using xhci_hcd
[    1.367968] [drm] ring test on 5 succeeded in 1 usecs
[    1.367972] [drm] UVD initialized successfully.
[    1.368214] [drm] ib test on ring 0 succeeded in 0 usecs
[    1.368247] [drm] ib test on ring 3 succeeded in 0 usecs
[    1.434260] ata6: SATA link up 1.5 Gbps (SStatus 113 SControl 300)
[    1.434416] ata1: SATA link up 6.0 Gbps (SStatus 133 SControl 300)
[    1.435328] ata1.00: ATA-9: ST1000DM003-1ER162, CC45, max UDMA/133
[    1.435329] ata1.00: 1953525168 sectors, multi 16: LBA48 NCQ (depth 31/32), AA
[    1.436453] ata1.00: configured for UDMA/133
[    1.436582] scsi 0:0:0:0: Direct-Access     ATA      ST1000DM003-1ER1 CC45 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
[    1.436741] sd 0:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg0 type 0
[    1.436767] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] 1953525168 512-byte logical blocks: (1.00 TB/932 GiB)
[    1.436769] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] 4096-byte physical blocks
[    1.436778] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off
[    1.436779] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00
[    1.436793] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA
[    1.437070] ata6.00: ACPI cmd ef/10:06:00:00:00:00 (SET FEATURES) succeeded
[    1.437071] ata6.00: ACPI cmd f5/00:00:00:00:00:00 (SECURITY FREEZE LOCK) filtered out
[    1.437072] ata6.00: ACPI cmd b1/c1:00:00:00:00:00 (DEVICE CONFIGURATION OVERLAY) filtered out
[    1.437604] ata6.00: ATAPI: ASUS     DRW-24F1ST   a, 1.00, max UDMA/100
[    1.438835] ata6.00: ACPI cmd ef/10:06:00:00:00:00 (SET FEATURES) succeeded
[    1.438836] ata6.00: ACPI cmd f5/00:00:00:00:00:00 (SECURITY FREEZE LOCK) filtered out
[    1.438837] ata6.00: ACPI cmd b1/c1:00:00:00:00:00 (DEVICE CONFIGURATION OVERLAY) filtered out
[    1.439371] ata6.00: configured for UDMA/100
[    1.440750] scsi 5:0:0:0: CD-ROM            ASUS     DRW-24F1ST   a   1.00 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
[    1.458839]  sda: sda1
[    1.459028] sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk
[    1.490581] usb 3-4: New USB device found, idVendor=046d, idProduct=c31b
[    1.490583] usb 3-4: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=0
[    1.490584] usb 3-4: Product: Logitech USB Keyboard
[    1.490585] usb 3-4: Manufacturer: Logitech
[    1.498325] hidraw: raw HID events driver (C) Jiri Kosina
[    1.517342] usbcore: registered new interface driver usbhid
[    1.517342] usbhid: USB HID core driver
[    1.518475] input: Logitech USB Optical Mouse as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb3/3-3/3-3:1.0/0003:046D:C077.0001/input/input2
[    1.519406] hid-generic 0003:046D:C077.0001: input,hidraw0: USB HID v1.11 Mouse [Logitech USB Optical Mouse] on usb-0000:00:14.0-3/input0
[    1.519525] input: Logitech Logitech USB Keyboard as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb3/3-4/3-4:1.0/0003:046D:C31B.0002/input/input3
[    1.576138] hid-generic 0003:046D:C31B.0002: input,hidraw1: USB HID v1.11 Keyboard [Logitech Logitech USB Keyboard] on usb-0000:00:14.0-4/input0
[    1.576259] input: Logitech Logitech USB Keyboard as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:14.0/usb3/3-4/3-4:1.1/0003:046D:C31B.0003/input/input4
[    1.605700] sr 5:0:0:0: [sr0] scsi3-mmc drive: 48x/48x writer dvd-ram cd/rw xa/form2 cdda tray
[    1.605701] cdrom: Uniform CD-ROM driver Revision: 3.20
[    1.605798] sr 5:0:0:0: Attached scsi CD-ROM sr0
[    1.605847] sr 5:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg1 type 5
[    1.636302] hid-generic 0003:046D:C31B.0003: input,hidraw2: USB HID v1.11 Device [Logitech Logitech USB Keyboard] on usb-0000:00:14.0-4/input1
[    1.660003] tsc: Refined TSC clocksource calibration: 3591.682 MHz
[    1.660008] clocksource: tsc: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x33c5a15be52, max_idle_ns: 440795280454 ns
[    2.044057] [drm] ib test on ring 5 succeeded
[    2.044803] [drm] Radeon Display Connectors
[    2.044804] [drm] Connector 0:
[    2.044805] [drm]   HDMI-A-1
[    2.044805] [drm]   HPD1
[    2.044807] [drm]   DDC: 0x6460 0x6460 0x6464 0x6464 0x6468 0x6468 0x646c 0x646c
[    2.044807] [drm]   Encoders:
[    2.044808] [drm]     DFP1: INTERNAL_UNIPHY1
[    2.044808] [drm] Connector 1:
[    2.044809] [drm]   DVI-I-1
[    2.044809] [drm]   HPD4
[    2.044810] [drm]   DDC: 0x6450 0x6450 0x6454 0x6454 0x6458 0x6458 0x645c 0x645c
[    2.044810] [drm]   Encoders:
[    2.044811] [drm]     DFP2: INTERNAL_UNIPHY
[    2.044812] [drm]     CRT2: INTERNAL_KLDSCP_DAC2
[    2.044812] [drm] Connector 2:
[    2.044812] [drm]   VGA-2
[    2.044814] [drm]   DDC: 0x6430 0x6430 0x6434 0x6434 0x6438 0x6438 0x643c 0x643c
[    2.044814] [drm]   Encoders:
[    2.044814] [drm]     CRT1: INTERNAL_KLDSCP_DAC1
[    2.086683] [drm] fb mappable at 0xE034D000
[    2.086683] [drm] vram apper at 0xE0000000
[    2.086684] [drm] size 3145728
[    2.086684] [drm] fb depth is 24
[    2.086684] [drm]    pitch is 4096
[    2.086715] fbcon: radeondrmfb (fb0) is primary device
[    2.108452] Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 128x48
[    2.109716] radeon 0000:01:00.0: fb0: radeondrmfb frame buffer device
[    2.124089] [drm] Initialized radeon 2.50.0 20080528 for 0000:01:00.0 on minor 1
[    2.124206] [drm] Initialized i915 1.6.0 20171023 for 0000:00:02.0 on minor 0
[    2.125581] ACPI: Video Device [GFX0] (multi-head: yes  rom: no  post: no)
[    2.125950] input: Video Bus as /devices/LNXSYSTM:00/LNXSYBUS:00/PNP0A08:00/LNXVIDEO:00/input/input5
[    2.130657] [drm] Cannot find any crtc or sizes
[    2.459296] EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
[    2.486693] random: fast init done
[    2.684039] clocksource: Switched to clocksource tsc
[    3.400175] systemd[1]: systemd 229 running in system mode. (+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA +APPARMOR +SMACK +SYSVINIT +UTMP +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +GNUTLS +ACL +XZ -LZ4 +SECCOMP +BLKID +ELFUTILS +KMOD -IDN)
[    3.420031] systemd[1]: Detected architecture x86-64.
[    3.437720] systemd[1]: Set hostname to <Bilgisayar>.
[    4.518216] systemd[1]: [/etc/systemd/system/snap-core-8213.mount:10] Unknown lvalue 'LazyUnmount' in section 'Mount'
[    4.526800] systemd[1]: [/etc/systemd/system/snap-core-8268.mount:10] Unknown lvalue 'LazyUnmount' in section 'Mount'
[    4.668259] systemd[1]: [/etc/systemd/system/snap-pycharm\x2dcommunity-172.mount:10] Unknown lvalue 'LazyUnmount' in section 'Mount'
[    4.673253] systemd[1]: [/etc/systemd/system/snap-pycharm\x2dcommunity-169.mount:10] Unknown lvalue 'LazyUnmount' in section 'Mount'
[    4.699573] random: crng init done
[    4.699574] random: 7 urandom warning(s) missed due to ratelimiting
[    4.766728] systemd[1]: Listening on Journal Socket (/dev/log).
[    4.766768] systemd[1]: Reached target Remote File Systems (Pre).
[    4.766776] systemd[1]: Reached target Remote File Systems.
[    5.470455] ashmem_linux: loading out-of-tree module taints kernel.
[    5.470468] ashmem_linux: module verification failed: signature and/or required key missing - tainting kernel
[    5.614649] EXT4-fs (sda1): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro
[    6.036440] systemd-journald[327]: Received request to flush runtime journal from PID 1
[    6.149450] lp: driver loaded but no devices found
[    6.212263] ppdev: user-space parallel port driver
[    6.246745] parport_pc 00:06: reported by Plug and Play ACPI
[    6.246800] parport0: PC-style at 0x378, irq 5 [PCSPP,TRISTATE]
[    6.340050] lp0: using parport0 (interrupt-driven).
[    7.097278] Adding 4095996k swap on /swapdosya.  Priority:-2 extents:17 across:5226492k FS
[   14.804502] shpchp: Standard Hot Plug PCI Controller Driver version: 0.4
[   14.852790] ACPI Warning: SystemIO range 0x0000000000001828-0x000000000000182F conflicts with OpRegion 0x0000000000001800-0x000000000000187F (\PMIO) (20170831/utaddress-247)
[   14.852796] ACPI Warning: SystemIO range 0x0000000000001828-0x000000000000182F conflicts with OpRegion 0x0000000000001800-0x000000000000187F (\PMIO) (20170831/utaddress-247)
[   14.852803] ACPI: If an ACPI driver is available for this device, you should use it instead of the native driver
[   14.853078] ACPI Warning: SystemIO range 0x0000000000001C40-0x0000000000001C4F conflicts with OpRegion 0x0000000000001C00-0x0000000000001FFF (\GPR) (20170831/utaddress-247)
[   14.853084] ACPI Warning: SystemIO range 0x0000000000001C40-0x0000000000001C4F conflicts with OpRegion 0x0000000000001C00-0x0000000000001FFF (\GPR) (20170831/utaddress-247)
[   14.853090] ACPI: If an ACPI driver is available for this device, you should use it instead of the native driver
[   14.853094] ACPI Warning: SystemIO range 0x0000000000001C30-0x0000000000001C3F conflicts with OpRegion 0x0000000000001C00-0x0000000000001C3F (\GPRL) (20170831/utaddress-247)
[   14.853097] ACPI Warning: SystemIO range 0x0000000000001C30-0x0000000000001C3F conflicts with OpRegion 0x0000000000001C00-0x0000000000001C3F (\GPRL) (20170831/utaddress-247)
[   14.853101] ACPI Warning: SystemIO range 0x0000000000001C30-0x0000000000001C3F conflicts with OpRegion 0x0000000000001C00-0x0000000000001FFF (\GPR) (20170831/utaddress-247)
[   14.853104] ACPI Warning: SystemIO range 0x0000000000001C30-0x0000000000001C3F conflicts with OpRegion 0x0000000000001C00-0x0000000000001FFF (\GPR) (20170831/utaddress-247)
[   14.853108] ACPI: If an ACPI driver is available for this device, you should use it instead of the native driver
[   14.853112] ACPI Warning: SystemIO range 0x0000000000001C00-0x0000000000001C2F conflicts with OpRegion 0x0000000000001C00-0x0000000000001C3F (\GPRL) (20170831/utaddress-247)
[   14.853115] ACPI Warning: SystemIO range 0x0000000000001C00-0x0000000000001C2F conflicts with OpRegion 0x0000000000001C00-0x0000000000001C3F (\GPRL) (20170831/utaddress-247)
[   14.853118] ACPI Warning: SystemIO range 0x0000000000001C00-0x0000000000001C2F conflicts with OpRegion 0x0000000000001C00-0x0000000000001FFF (\GPR) (20170831/utaddress-247)
[   14.853121] ACPI Warning: SystemIO range 0x0000000000001C00-0x0000000000001C2F conflicts with OpRegion 0x0000000000001C00-0x0000000000001FFF (\GPR) (20170831/utaddress-247)
[   14.853125] ACPI: If an ACPI driver is available for this device, you should use it instead of the native driver
[   14.853126] lpc_ich: Resource conflict(s) found affecting gpio_ich
[   14.888727] RAPL PMU: API unit is 2^-32 Joules, 4 fixed counters, 655360 ms ovfl timer
[   14.888728] RAPL PMU: hw unit of domain pp0-core 2^-14 Joules
[   14.888728] RAPL PMU: hw unit of domain package 2^-14 Joules
[   14.888729] RAPL PMU: hw unit of domain dram 2^-14 Joules
[   14.888729] RAPL PMU: hw unit of domain pp1-gpu 2^-14 Joules
[   14.899335] AVX2 version of gcm_enc/dec engaged.
[   14.899336] AES CTR mode by8 optimization enabled
[   14.924727] snd_hda_intel 0000:00:03.0: bound 0000:00:02.0 (ops i915_audio_component_bind_ops [i915])
[   14.924913] snd_hda_intel 0000:01:00.1: Handle vga_switcheroo audio client
[   14.933461] input: HDA ATI HDMI HDMI/DP,pcm=3 as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:01.0/0000:01:00.1/sound/card2/input6
[   14.937253] intel_rapl: Found RAPL domain package
[   14.937254] intel_rapl: Found RAPL domain core
[   14.937255] intel_rapl: Found RAPL domain uncore
[   14.937256] intel_rapl: Found RAPL domain dram
[   14.955375] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227534.723:2): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="/usr/lib/lightdm/lightdm-guest-session" pid=681 comm="apparmor_parser"
[   14.955379] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227534.723:3): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="/usr/lib/lightdm/lightdm-guest-session//chromium" pid=681 comm="apparmor_parser"
[   14.962527] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227534.731:4): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="/sbin/dhclient" pid=682 comm="apparmor_parser"
[   14.962530] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227534.731:5): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="/usr/lib/NetworkManager/nm-dhcp-client.action" pid=682 comm="apparmor_parser"
[   14.962532] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227534.731:6): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="/usr/lib/NetworkManager/nm-dhcp-helper" pid=682 comm="apparmor_parser"
[   14.962534] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227534.731:7): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="/usr/lib/connman/scripts/dhclient-script" pid=682 comm="apparmor_parser"
[   14.964629] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227534.735:8): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="/usr/sbin/cups-browsed" pid=691 comm="apparmor_parser"
[   14.968190] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227534.739:9): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="/usr/lib/cups/backend/cups-pdf" pid=695 comm="apparmor_parser"
[   14.968193] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227534.739:10): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="/usr/sbin/cupsd" pid=695 comm="apparmor_parser"
[   14.968195] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227534.739:11): apparmor="STATUS" operation="profile_load" profile="unconfined" name="/usr/sbin/cupsd//third_party" pid=695 comm="apparmor_parser"
[   14.969803] snd_hda_codec_realtek hdaudioC1D2: autoconfig for ALC887-VD: line_outs=1 (0x14/0x0/0x0/0x0/0x0) type:line
[   14.969805] snd_hda_codec_realtek hdaudioC1D2:    speaker_outs=0 (0x0/0x0/0x0/0x0/0x0)
[   14.969806] snd_hda_codec_realtek hdaudioC1D2:    hp_outs=1 (0x1b/0x0/0x0/0x0/0x0)
[   14.969807] snd_hda_codec_realtek hdaudioC1D2:    mono: mono_out=0x0
[   14.969808] snd_hda_codec_realtek hdaudioC1D2:    inputs:
[   14.969809] snd_hda_codec_realtek hdaudioC1D2:      Rear Mic=0x18
[   14.969811] snd_hda_codec_realtek hdaudioC1D2:      Front Mic=0x19
[   14.969812] snd_hda_codec_realtek hdaudioC1D2:      Line=0x1a
[   14.969813] snd_hda_codec_realtek hdaudioC1D2:      CD=0x1c
[   14.981728] input: HDA Intel PCH Rear Mic as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card1/input7
[   14.981786] input: HDA Intel PCH Front Mic as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card1/input8
[   14.981837] input: HDA Intel PCH Line as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card1/input9
[   14.981888] input: HDA Intel PCH Line Out as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1b.0/sound/card1/input10
[   15.033908] input: HDA Intel HDMI HDMI/DP,pcm=3 as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:03.0/sound/card0/input11
[   15.033939] input: HDA Intel HDMI HDMI/DP,pcm=7 as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:03.0/sound/card0/input12
[   15.033973] input: HDA Intel HDMI HDMI/DP,pcm=8 as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:03.0/sound/card0/input13
[   15.034006] input: HDA Intel HDMI HDMI/DP,pcm=9 as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:03.0/sound/card0/input14
[   15.034032] input: HDA Intel HDMI HDMI/DP,pcm=10 as /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:03.0/sound/card0/input15
[   16.999304] vboxdrv: Found 4 processor cores
[   17.020092] vboxdrv: TSC mode is Invariant, tentative frequency 3591681464 Hz
[   17.020093] vboxdrv: Successfully loaded version 6.0.14 (interface 0x00290008)
[   17.222487] VBoxNetFlt: Successfully started.
[   17.223386] VBoxNetAdp: Successfully started.
[   17.224407] VBoxPciLinuxInit
[   17.225747] vboxpci: IOMMU not found (not registered)
[   20.810318] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): enp3s0: link is not ready
[   21.157368] r8169 0000:03:00.0 enp3s0: link down
[   21.157383] r8169 0000:03:00.0 enp3s0: link down
[   21.157435] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): enp3s0: link is not ready
[   22.754699] r8169 0000:03:00.0 enp3s0: link up
[   22.754706] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_CHANGE): enp3s0: link becomes ready
[   22.908759] kauditd_printk_skb: 27 callbacks suppressed
[   22.908761] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227542.679:39): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open" profile="snap.anbox.container-manager" name="/proc/1314/attr/current" pid=1314 comm="cat" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[   22.909136] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227542.679:40): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="exec" profile="snap.anbox.container-manager" name="/usr/sbin/aa-exec" pid=1113 comm="container-manag" requested_mask="x" denied_mask="x" fsuid=0 ouid=0 target="snap.anbox.container-manager//null-/usr/sbin/aa-exec"
[   23.007665] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227542.775:41): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="file_mmap" profile="snap.anbox.container-manager//null-/usr/sbin/aa-exec" name="/usr/sbin/aa-exec" pid=1113 comm="aa-exec" requested_mask="rm" denied_mask="rm" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[   23.007670] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227542.775:42): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="file_mmap" profile="snap.anbox.container-manager//null-/usr/sbin/aa-exec" name="/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.23.so" pid=1113 comm="aa-exec" requested_mask="rm" denied_mask="rm" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[   23.007837] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227542.775:43): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open" profile="snap.anbox.container-manager//null-/usr/sbin/aa-exec" name="/etc/ld.so.cache" pid=1113 comm="aa-exec" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[   23.007855] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227542.775:44): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open" profile="snap.anbox.container-manager//null-/usr/sbin/aa-exec" name="/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread-2.23.so" pid=1113 comm="aa-exec" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[   23.007862] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227542.775:45): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="file_mmap" profile="snap.anbox.container-manager//null-/usr/sbin/aa-exec" name="/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread-2.23.so" pid=1113 comm="aa-exec" requested_mask="rm" denied_mask="rm" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[   23.007909] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227542.775:46): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open" profile="snap.anbox.container-manager//null-/usr/sbin/aa-exec" name="/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so" pid=1113 comm="aa-exec" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[   23.007915] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227542.775:47): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="file_mmap" profile="snap.anbox.container-manager//null-/usr/sbin/aa-exec" name="/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.23.so" pid=1113 comm="aa-exec" requested_mask="rm" denied_mask="rm" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[   23.008173] audit: type=1400 audit(1578227542.779:48): apparmor="ALLOWED" operation="open" profile="snap.anbox.container-manager//null-/usr/sbin/aa-exec" name="/proc/1113/attr/exec" pid=1113 comm="aa-exec" requested_mask="w" denied_mask="w" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[   23.795602] ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team


Çekirdek (kernel) mesajlarını verir.

Kod Seç Genişlet

sudo dmidecode -t 1

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


# dmidecode 3.0
Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.
SMBIOS 2.7 present.

Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes
System Information
    Manufacturer: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd.
    Product Name: H81M-DS2
    Version: To be filled by O.E.M.
    Serial Number: To be filled by O.E.M.
    UUID: 03AA02FC-0414-0515-9006-800700080009
    Wake-up Type: Power Switch
    SKU Number: To be filled by O.E.M.
    Family: To be filled by O.E.M.


BIOS hakkında bilgiler veren komut.

alias komutu mevcut bir komutu, sizin oluşturduğunuz yeni bir komuta atar. Programlamada bildiğimiz değişkenler ile aynı. Nasıl değişkenler içlerinde bizim atadığımız verileri tutuyorlarsa, alias komutu sayesinde bash komutlarını, yeni bir komuta atayabiliriz. Örnek:

sudo dmidecode -t 1 komutunu BIOS hakkında bilgi almak için kullanıyorduk. Ancak bu komut çok uzun. Kısaltmak istersek şöyle kullanabiliriz:

Kod Seç Genişlet

alias bios="sudo dmidecode -t 1"

Bu sayede artık kendi oluşturduğumuz bios komutunu kullandığımız da sudo dmidecode -t 1 komutu otomatik olarak çağrılacak.

Kod Seç Genişlet

cat /proc/cpuinfo

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


processor    : 0
vendor_id    : GenuineIntel
cpu family    : 6
model        : 60
model name    : Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-4160 CPU @ 3.60GHz
stepping    : 3
microcode    : 0x27
cpu MHz        : 1001.014
cache size    : 3072 KB
physical id    : 0
siblings    : 4
core id        : 0
cpu cores    : 2
apicid        : 0
initial apicid    : 0
fpu        : yes
fpu_exception    : yes
cpuid level    : 13
wp        : yes
flags        : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm cpuid_fault invpcid_single pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid xsaveopt dtherm arat pln pts md_clear flush_l1d
bugs        : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs itlb_multihit
bogomips    : 7183.66
clflush size    : 64
cache_alignment    : 64
address sizes    : 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor    : 1
vendor_id    : GenuineIntel
cpu family    : 6
model        : 60
model name    : Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-4160 CPU @ 3.60GHz
stepping    : 3
microcode    : 0x27
cpu MHz        : 997.787
cache size    : 3072 KB
physical id    : 0
siblings    : 4
core id        : 1
cpu cores    : 2
apicid        : 2
initial apicid    : 2
fpu        : yes
fpu_exception    : yes
cpuid level    : 13
wp        : yes
flags        : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm cpuid_fault invpcid_single pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid xsaveopt dtherm arat pln pts md_clear flush_l1d
bugs        : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs itlb_multihit
bogomips    : 7183.66
clflush size    : 64
cache_alignment    : 64
address sizes    : 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor    : 2
vendor_id    : GenuineIntel
cpu family    : 6
model        : 60
model name    : Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-4160 CPU @ 3.60GHz
stepping    : 3
microcode    : 0x27
cpu MHz        : 996.703
cache size    : 3072 KB
physical id    : 0
siblings    : 4
core id        : 0
cpu cores    : 2
apicid        : 1
initial apicid    : 1
fpu        : yes
fpu_exception    : yes
cpuid level    : 13
wp        : yes
flags        : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm cpuid_fault invpcid_single pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid xsaveopt dtherm arat pln pts md_clear flush_l1d
bugs        : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs itlb_multihit
bogomips    : 7183.66
clflush size    : 64
cache_alignment    : 64
address sizes    : 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:

processor    : 3
vendor_id    : GenuineIntel
cpu family    : 6
model        : 60
model name    : Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-4160 CPU @ 3.60GHz
stepping    : 3
microcode    : 0x27
cpu MHz        : 973.182
cache size    : 3072 KB
physical id    : 0
siblings    : 4
core id        : 1
cpu cores    : 2
apicid        : 3
initial apicid    : 3
fpu        : yes
fpu_exception    : yes
cpuid level    : 13
wp        : yes
flags        : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm cpuid_fault invpcid_single pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid xsaveopt dtherm arat pln pts md_clear flush_l1d
bugs        : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs itlb_multihit
bogomips    : 7183.66
clflush size    : 64
cache_alignment    : 64
address sizes    : 39 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
power management:


İşlemci hakkında detaylı bilgiler verir.

Kod Seç Genişlet

cat /proc/meminfo

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


MemTotal:        3931868 kB
MemFree:          685212 kB
MemAvailable:    1683952 kB
Buffers:           64540 kB
Cached:          1201532 kB
SwapCached:        30880 kB
Active:          2236096 kB
Inactive:         721868 kB
Active(anon):    1606808 kB
Inactive(anon):   185400 kB
Active(file):     629288 kB
Inactive(file):   536468 kB
Unevictable:          80 kB
Mlocked:              80 kB
SwapTotal:       4095996 kB
SwapFree:        3596052 kB
Dirty:               256 kB
Writeback:             0 kB
AnonPages:       1685356 kB
Mapped:           309828 kB
Shmem:            100316 kB
Slab:             122268 kB
SReclaimable:      68288 kB
SUnreclaim:        53980 kB
KernelStack:       11440 kB
PageTables:        57648 kB
NFS_Unstable:          0 kB
Bounce:                0 kB
WritebackTmp:          0 kB
CommitLimit:     6061928 kB
Committed_AS:    7849232 kB
VmallocTotal:   34359738367 kB
VmallocUsed:           0 kB
VmallocChunk:          0 kB
HardwareCorrupted:     0 kB
AnonHugePages:         0 kB
ShmemHugePages:        0 kB
ShmemPmdMapped:        0 kB
CmaTotal:              0 kB
CmaFree:               0 kB
HugePages_Total:       0
HugePages_Free:        0
HugePages_Rsvd:        0
HugePages_Surp:        0
Hugepagesize:       2048 kB
DirectMap4k:      418372 kB
DirectMap2M:     3667968 kB
DirectMap1G:           0 kB


Memory (RAM) hakkında bilgi verir.

Kod Seç Genişlet

cat /proc/interrupts

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


           CPU0       CPU1       CPU2       CPU3     
  0:          8          0          0          0   IO-APIC   2-edge      timer
  5:          0          0          0          0   IO-APIC   5-edge      parport0
  8:          1          0          0          0   IO-APIC   8-edge      rtc0
  9:          0          4          0          0   IO-APIC   9-fasteoi   acpi
16:          0         25          0          0   IO-APIC  16-fasteoi   ehci_hcd:usb1
23:          0          0         31          0   IO-APIC  23-fasteoi   ehci_hcd:usb2
24:          0          0          0          0   PCI-MSI 16384-edge      PCIe PME
25:          0          0          0          0   PCI-MSI 458752-edge      PCIe PME
26:          0          0          0          0   PCI-MSI 462848-edge      PCIe PME
27:          0          0     936650      35591   PCI-MSI 327680-edge      xhci_hcd
28:          0         34     312554    3198296   PCI-MSI 1572864-edge      enp3s0
29:          0       7675     375070       8157   PCI-MSI 512000-edge      ahci[0000:00:1f.2]
30:          0    6808208          9          0   PCI-MSI 524288-edge      radeon
31:          0          0          0         20   PCI-MSI 32768-edge      i915
32:          0         13          0          0   PCI-MSI 360448-edge      mei_me
33:          0          0        732          0   PCI-MSI 442368-edge      snd_hda_intel:card1
34:          0          0          0        260   PCI-MSI 526336-edge      snd_hda_intel:card2
35:         90        124          0          0   PCI-MSI 49152-edge      snd_hda_intel:card0
NMI:        462        495        464        458   Non-maskable interrupts
LOC:   10962946   11159990   10800976   11002950   Local timer interrupts
SPU:          0          0          0          0   Spurious interrupts
PMI:        462        495        464        458   Performance monitoring interrupts
IWI:          3         12         14          6   IRQ work interrupts
RTR:          0          0          0          0   APIC ICR read retries
RES:    1776747    1749569    1674063    1588067   Rescheduling interrupts
CAL:   72833367   69375340   72891495   72924655   Function call interrupts
TLB:    1663567    3024360    2118746    1776102   TLB shootdowns
TRM:          2          2          2          2   Thermal event interrupts
THR:          0          0          0          0   Threshold APIC interrupts
DFR:          0          0          0          0   Deferred Error APIC interrupts
MCE:          0          0          0          0   Machine check exceptions
MCP:        180        181        181        181   Machine check polls
HYP:          0          0          0          0   Hypervisor callback interrupts
ERR:          0
MIS:          0
PIN:          0          0          0          0   Posted-interrupt notification event
NPI:          0          0          0          0   Nested posted-interrupt event
PIW:          0          0          0          0   Posted-interrupt wakeup event


İşlemcinin (CPU), çekirdek (kernel) sistemi kesme listesi.

Kod Seç Genişlet

sudo lshw

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


bilgisayar             
    description: Desktop Computer
    product: H81M-DS2 (To be filled by O.E.M.)
    vendor: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd.
    version: To be filled by O.E.M.
    serial: To be filled by O.E.M.
    width: 64 bits
    capabilities: smbios-2.7 dmi-2.7 vsyscall32
    configuration: boot=normal chassis=desktop family=To be filled by O.E.M. sku=To be filled by O.E.M. uuid=FC02AA03-1404-1505-9006-800700080009
  *-core
       description: Motherboard
       product: H81M-DS2
       vendor: Gigabyte Technology Co., Ltd.
       physical id: 0
       version: x.x
       serial: To be filled by O.E.M.
       slot: To be filled by O.E.M.
     *-firmware
          description: BIOS
          vendor: American Megatrends Inc.
          physical id: 0
          version: FI
          date: 06/19/2014
          size: 64KiB
          capacity: 4032KiB
          capabilities: pc_ upgrade shadowing cdboot bootselect socketedrom edd int13floppy1200 int13floppy720 int13floppy2880 int5printscreen int9keyboard int14serial int17printer acp_ usb biosbootspecification uefi
     *-cache:0
          description: L1 cache
          physical id: 4
          slot: CPU Internal L1
          size: 128KiB
          capacity: 128KiB
          capabilities: internal write-back
          configuration: level=1
     *-cache:1
          description: L2 cache
          physical id: 5
          slot: CPU Internal L2
          size: 512KiB
          capacity: 512KiB
          capabilities: internal write-back unified
          configuration: level=2
     *-cache:2
          description: L3 cache
          physical id: 6
          slot: CPU Internal L3
          size: 3MiB
          capacity: 3MiB
          capabilities: internal write-back unified
          configuration: level=3
     *-memory
          description: System Memory
          physical id: 7
          slot: System board or motherboard
          size: 4GiB
        *-bank:0
             description: DIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1600 MHz (0.6 ns)
             product: 9905584-027.A00LF
             vendor: Kingston
             physical id: 0
             serial: 2B26097B
             slot: ChannelA-DIMM0
             size: 4GiB
             width: 64 bits
             clock: 1600MHz (0.6ns)
        *-bank:1
             description: DIMM [empty]
             product: [Empty]
             vendor: [Empty]
             physical id: 1
             serial: [Empty]
             slot: ChannelA-DIMM1
        *-bank:2
             description: DIMM [empty]
             product: [Empty]
             vendor: [Empty]
             physical id: 2
             serial: [Empty]
             slot: ChannelB-DIMM0
        *-bank:3
             description: DIMM [empty]
             product: [Empty]
             vendor: [Empty]
             physical id: 3
             serial: [Empty]
             slot: ChannelB-DIMM1
     *-cpu
          description: CPU
          product: Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-4160 CPU @ 3.60GHz
          vendor: Intel Corp.
          physical id: 40
          bus info: cpu@0
          version: Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-4160 CPU @ 3.60GHz
          slot: SOCKET 0
          size: 3059MHz
          capacity: 3600MHz
          width: 64 bits
          clock: 100MHz
          capabilities: x86-64 fpu fpu_exception wp vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush dts acpi mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht tm pbe syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp constant_tsc arch_perfmon pebs bts rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid aperfmperf pni pclmulqdq dtes64 monitor ds_cpl vmx est tm2 ssse3 sdbg fma cx16 xtpr pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand lahf_lm abm cpuid_fault invpcid_single pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid xsaveopt dtherm arat pln pts md_clear flush_l1d cpufreq
          configuration: cores=2 enabledcores=1 threads=2
     *-pci
          description: Host bridge
          product: 4th Gen Core Processor DRAM Controller
          vendor: Intel Corporation
          physical id: 100
          bus info: pci@0000:00:00.0
          version: 06
          width: 32 bits
          clock: 33MHz
          configuration: driver=hsw_uncore
          resources: irq:0
        *-pci:0
             description: PCI bridge
             product: Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core Processor PCI Express x16 Controller
             vendor: Intel Corporation
             physical id: 1
             bus info: pci@0000:00:01.0
             version: 06
             width: 32 bits
             clock: 33MHz
             capabilities: pci pm msi pciexpress normal_decode bus_master cap_list
             configuration: driver=pcieport
             resources: irq:24 ioport:e000(size=4096) memory:f7d00000-f7dfffff ioport:e0000000(size=268435456)
           *-display
                description: VGA compatible controller
                product: Cedar [Radeon HD 5000/6000/7350/8350 Series]
                vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI]
                physical id: 0
                bus info: pci@0000:01:00.0
                version: 00
                width: 64 bits
                clock: 33MHz
                capabilities: pm pciexpress msi vga_controller bus_master cap_list rom
                configuration: driver=radeon latency=0
                resources: irq:30 memory:e0000000-efffffff memory:f7d20000-f7d3ffff ioport:e000(size=256) memory:c0000-dffff
           *-multimedia
                description: Audio device
                product: Cedar HDMI Audio [Radeon HD 5400/6300/7300 Series]
                vendor: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI]
                physical id: 0.1
                bus info: pci@0000:01:00.1
                version: 00
                width: 64 bits
                clock: 33MHz
                capabilities: pm pciexpress msi bus_master cap_list
                configuration: driver=snd_hda_intel latency=0
                resources: irq:34 memory:f7d40000-f7d43fff
        *-display
             description: VGA compatible controller
             product: 4th Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics Controller
             vendor: Intel Corporation
             physical id: 2
             bus info: pci@0000:00:02.0
             version: 06
             width: 64 bits
             clock: 33MHz
             capabilities: msi pm vga_controller bus_master cap_list
             configuration: driver=i915 latency=0
             resources: irq:31 memory:f7800000-f7bfffff memory:d0000000-dfffffff ioport:f000(size=64)
        *-multimedia:0
             description: Audio device
             product: Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core Processor HD Audio Controller
             vendor: Intel Corporation
             physical id: 3
             bus info: pci@0000:00:03.0
             version: 06
             width: 64 bits
             clock: 33MHz
             capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list
             configuration: driver=snd_hda_intel latency=0
             resources: irq:35 memory:f7e14000-f7e17fff
        *-usb:0
             description: USB controller
             product: 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family USB xHCI
             vendor: Intel Corporation
             physical id: 14
             bus info: pci@0000:00:14.0
             version: 05
             width: 64 bits
             clock: 33MHz
             capabilities: pm msi xhc_ bus_master cap_list
             configuration: driver=xhci_hcd latency=0
             resources: irq:27 memory:f7e00000-f7e0ffff
           *-usbhost:0
                product: xHCI Host Controller
                vendor: Linux 4.15.0-72-generic xhci-hcd
                physical id: 0
                bus info: usb@3
                logical name: usb3
                version: 4.15
                capabilities: usb-2.00
                configuration: driver=hub slots=10 speed=480Mbit/s
              *-usb:0
                   description: Mouse
                   product: USB Optical Mouse
                   vendor: Logitech
                   physical id: 3
                   bus info: usb@3:3
                   version: 72.00
                   capabilities: usb-2.00
                   configuration: driver=usbhid maxpower=100mA speed=2Mbit/s
              *-usb:1
                   description: Keyboard
                   product: Logitech USB Keyboard
                   vendor: Logitech
                   physical id: 4
                   bus info: usb@3:4
                   version: 60.00
                   capabilities: usb-2.00
                   configuration: driver=usbhid maxpower=98mA speed=2Mbit/s
           *-usbhost:1
                product: xHCI Host Controller
                vendor: Linux 4.15.0-72-generic xhci-hcd
                physical id: 1
                bus info: usb@4
                logical name: usb4
                version: 4.15
                capabilities: usb-3.00
                configuration: driver=hub slots=2 speed=5000Mbit/s
        *-communication
             description: Communication controller
             product: 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family MEI Controller #1
             vendor: Intel Corporation
             physical id: 16
             bus info: pci@0000:00:16.0
             version: 04
             width: 64 bits
             clock: 33MHz
             capabilities: pm msi bus_master cap_list
             configuration: driver=mei_me latency=0
             resources: irq:32 memory:f7e1e000-f7e1e00f
        *-usb:1
             description: USB controller
             product: 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family USB EHCI #2
             vendor: Intel Corporation
             physical id: 1a
             bus info: pci@0000:00:1a.0
             version: 05
             width: 32 bits
             clock: 33MHz
             capabilities: pm debug ehc_ bus_master cap_list
             configuration: driver=ehci-pci latency=0
             resources: irq:16 memory:f7e1c000-f7e1c3ff
           *-usbhost
                product: EHCI Host Controller
                vendor: Linux 4.15.0-72-generic ehci_hcd
                physical id: 1
                bus info: usb@1
                logical name: usb1
                version: 4.15
                capabilities: usb-2.00
                configuration: driver=hub slots=2 speed=480Mbit/s
              *-usb
                   description: USB hub
                   vendor: Intel Corp.
                   physical id: 1
                   bus info: usb@1:1
                   version: 0.05
                   capabilities: usb-2.00
                   configuration: driver=hub slots=4 speed=480Mbit/s
        *-multimedia:1
             description: Audio device
             product: 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset High Definition Audio Controller
             vendor: Intel Corporation
             physical id: 1b
             bus info: pci@0000:00:1b.0
             version: 05
             width: 64 bits
             clock: 33MHz
             capabilities: pm msi pciexpress bus_master cap_list
             configuration: driver=snd_hda_intel latency=0
             resources: irq:33 memory:f7e10000-f7e13fff
        *-pci:1
             description: PCI bridge
             product: 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #1
             vendor: Intel Corporation
             physical id: 1c
             bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.0
             version: d5
             width: 32 bits
             clock: 33MHz
             capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm normal_decode bus_master cap_list
             configuration: driver=pcieport
             resources: irq:25
        *-pci:2
             description: PCI bridge
             product: 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family PCI Express Root Port #3
             vendor: Intel Corporation
             physical id: 1c.2
             bus info: pci@0000:00:1c.2
             version: d5
             width: 32 bits
             clock: 33MHz
             capabilities: pci pciexpress msi pm normal_decode bus_master cap_list
             configuration: driver=pcieport
             resources: irq:26 ioport:d000(size=4096) memory:f7c00000-f7cfffff ioport:f0000000(size=1048576)
           *-network
                description: Ethernet interface
                product: RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller
                vendor: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd.
                physical id: 0
                bus info: pci@0000:03:00.0
                logical name: enp3s0
                version: 06
                serial: fc:aa:14:15:90:80
                size: 100Mbit/s
                capacity: 1Gbit/s
                width: 64 bits
                clock: 33MHz
                capabilities: pm msi pciexpress msix vpd bus_master cap_list ethernet physical tp mii 10bt 10bt-fd 100bt 100bt-fd 1000bt 1000bt-fd autonegotiation
                configuration: autonegotiation=on broadcast=yes driver=r8169 driverversion=2.3LK-NAPI duplex=full firmware=rtl8168e-3_0.0.4 03/27/12 ip=192.168.1.102 latency=0 link=yes multicast=yes port=MII speed=100Mbit/s
                resources: irq:18 ioport:d000(size=256) memory:f7c00000-f7c00fff memory:f0000000-f0003fff
        *-usb:2
             description: USB controller
             product: 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family USB EHCI #1
             vendor: Intel Corporation
             physical id: 1d
             bus info: pci@0000:00:1d.0
             version: 05
             width: 32 bits
             clock: 33MHz
             capabilities: pm debug ehc_ bus_master cap_list
             configuration: driver=ehci-pci latency=0
             resources: irq:23 memory:f7e1b000-f7e1b3ff
           *-usbhost
                product: EHCI Host Controller
                vendor: Linux 4.15.0-72-generic ehci_hcd
                physical id: 1
                bus info: usb@2
                logical name: usb2
                version: 4.15
                capabilities: usb-2.00
                configuration: driver=hub slots=2 speed=480Mbit/s
              *-usb
                   description: USB hub
                   vendor: Intel Corp.
                   physical id: 1
                   bus info: usb@2:1
                   version: 0.05
                   capabilities: usb-2.00
                   configuration: driver=hub slots=6 speed=480Mbit/s
        *-isa
             description: ISA bridge
             product: H81 Express LPC Controller
             vendor: Intel Corporation
             physical id: 1f
             bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.0
             version: 05
             width: 32 bits
             clock: 33MHz
             capabilities: isa bus_master cap_list
             configuration: driver=lpc_ich latency=0
             resources: irq:0
        *-storage
             description: SATA controller
             product: 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family 6-port SATA Controller 1 [AHCI mode]
             vendor: Intel Corporation
             physical id: 1f.2
             bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.2
             version: 05
             width: 32 bits
             clock: 66MHz
             capabilities: storage msi pm ahc__1.0 bus_master cap_list
             configuration: driver=ahci latency=0
             resources: irq:29 ioport:f0b0(size=8) ioport:f0a0(size=4) ioport:f090(size=8) ioport:f080(size=4) ioport:f060(size=32) memory:f7e1a000-f7e1a7ff
        *-serial UNCLAIMED
             description: SMBus
             product: 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family SMBus Controller
             vendor: Intel Corporation
             physical id: 1f.3
             bus info: pci@0000:00:1f.3
             version: 05
             width: 64 bits
             clock: 33MHz
             configuration: latency=0
             resources: memory:f7e19000-f7e190ff ioport:f040(size=32)
     *-scsi:0
          physical id: 1
          logical name: scsi0
          capabilities: emulated
        *-disk
             description: ATA Disk
             product: ST1000DM003-1ER1
             vendor: Seagate
             physical id: 0.0.0
             bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0
             logical name: /dev/sda
             version: CC45
             serial: Z4Y3CQCB
             size: 931GiB (1TB)
             capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos
             configuration: ansiversion=5 logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=4096 signature=48e262bc
           *-volume
                description: EXT4 volume
                vendor: Linux
                physical id: 1
                bus info: scsi@0:0.0.0,1
                logical name: /dev/sda1
                logical name: /
                version: 1.0
                serial: 122dcc97-414b-47af-8232-182c586bf353
                size: 931GiB
                capacity: 931GiB
                capabilities: primary bootable journaled extended_attributes large_files huge_files dir_nlink recover extents ext4 ext2 initialized
                configuration: created=2019-01-24 10:37:31 filesystem=ext4 lastmountpoint=/ modified=2020-01-04 15:39:55 mount.fstype=ext4 mount.options=rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro,data=ordered mounted=2020-01-04 15:39:58 state=mounted
     *-scsi:1
          physical id: 2
          logical name: scsi5
          capabilities: emulated
        *-cdrom
             description: DVD-RAM writer
             product: DRW-24F1ST   a
             vendor: ASUS
             physical id: 0.0.0
             bus info: scsi@5:0.0.0
             logical name: /dev/cdrom
             logical name: /dev/cdrw
             logical name: /dev/dvd
             logical name: /dev/dvdrw
             logical name: /dev/sr0
             version: 1.00
             capabilities: removable audio cd-r cd-rw dvd dvd-r dvd-ram
             configuration: ansiversion=5 status=nodisc
  *-power UNCLAIMED
       description: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
       product: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
       vendor: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
       physical id: 1
       version: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
       serial: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
       capacity: 32768mWh


Sistem donanımları hakkında detaylı bilgiler verir.

Kod Seç Genişlet

lsblk

Kod Seç Genişlet

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
loop1    7:1    0 342.1M  1 loop /snap/pycharm-community/169
loop4    7:4    0 373.5M  1 loop /snap/anbox/158
sr0     11:0    1  1024M  0 rom
loop2    7:2    0  89.1M  1 loop /snap/core/8268
loop0    7:0    0 345.9M  1 loop /snap/pycharm-community/172
sda      8:0    0 931.5G  0 disk
└─sda1   8:1    0 931.5G  0 part /
loop5    7:5    0 310.8M  1 loop
loop3    7:3    0  89.1M  1 loop /snap/core/8213

Disk bölümleme (partition) tablosunu verir.

Kod Seç Genişlet

rm -rf .local/share/Trash/files

Çöp kutusunu boşaltır.

Kod Seç Genişlet

dir

ya da

Kod Seç Genişlet

ls

Mevcut dizinde ki dosya ve klasörleri listeler.

Kod Seç Genişlet

ls -a

Bir üstte ki komuta ek olarak gizli dosyalar ve gizli dizinleri de gösterir. Uzantıya göre (ya da tersi) arama seçenekleri var. Eğer:

Kod Seç Genişlet

ls *.uzantı

komutunu verirseniz [I].uzantı[/I] ile biten bütün dosyaları listeler. Ya da:

Kod Seç Genişlet

ls dosya*

komutunu vererek adı [I]dosya[/I] olan ancak uzantıları farklı olan bütün dosyaları listeleri.

Kod Seç Genişlet

pwd

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet

/etc/python3

Mevcut konumunuzu ekrana bastırır.

cp komutu ile bir dosyayı kopyalabilir, mv ile taşıyabilir ya da rm komutu ile silebilirsiniz. Örnek kullanım:

Kod Seç Genişlet

rm "Deneme Dosya"

Not: Dizin silmek için rm -r komutunu kullanın.

touch komutu boş bir dosya oluşturur. Örnek kullanım:

Kod Seç Genişlet

touch "Deneme Dosya"

Not: Boş bir dizin oluşturmak için mkdir komutunu kullanın.

Kod Seç Genişlet

free -m

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:           3839        1847         647         101        1345        1608
Swap:          3999         487        3512


Sistemde o anda kullanılmakta olan bellek (RAM) ve takas (swap) alanı hakkında bilgi verir.

Kod Seç Genişlet

lspci -tv

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet

l
-[0000:00]-+-00.0  Intel Corporation 4th Gen Core Processor DRAM Controller
           +-01.0-[01]--+-00.0  Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Cedar [Radeon HD 5000/6000/7350/8350 Series]
           |            \-00.1  Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. [AMD/ATI] Cedar HDMI Audio [Radeon HD 5400/6300/7300 Series]
           +-02.0  Intel Corporation 4th Generation Core Processor Family Integrated Graphics Controller
           +-03.0  Intel Corporation Xeon E3-1200 v3/4th Gen Core Processor HD Audio Controller
           +-14.0  Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family USB xHCI
           +-16.0  Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family MEI Controller #1
           +-1a.0  Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family USB EHCI #2
           +-1b.0  Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset High Definition Audio Controller
           +-1c.0-[02]--
           +-1c.2-[03]----00.0  Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller
           +-1d.0  Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family USB EHCI #1
           +-1f.0  Intel Corporation H81 Express LPC Controller
           +-1f.2  Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family 6-port SATA Controller 1 [AHCI mode]
           \-1f.3  Intel Corporation 8 Series/C220 Series Chipset Family SMBus Controller


Anakartta (motherboard) takılı olan PCI cihazlarının listesini verir.

Kod Seç Genişlet

lspci -tv

Kod Seç Genişlet


/:  Bus 04.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/2p, 5000M
/:  Bus 03.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/10p, 480M
    |__ Port 3: Dev 2, If 0, Class=Human Interface Device, Driver=usbhid, 1.5M
    |__ Port 4: Dev 6, If 0, Class=Human Interface Device, Driver=usbhid, 1.5M
    |__ Port 4: Dev 6, If 1, Class=Human Interface Device, Driver=usbhid, 1.5M
/:  Bus 02.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=ehci-pci/2p, 480M
    |__ Port 1: Dev 2, If 0, Class=Hub, Driver=hub/6p, 480M
/:  Bus 01.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=ehci-pci/2p, 480M
    |__ Port 1: Dev 2, If 0, Class=Hub, Driver=hub/4p, 480M


Takılı USB cihazlarının listesini verir.

whereis komutu ile sistemde yüklü olan herhangi bir yazılımın, paketin ya da dosyanın konumunu öğrenebilirsiniz. Örnek kullanım:

Kod Seç Genişlet

whereis stdio.h

Çıktısı:

Kod Seç Genişlet

stdio: /usr/include/stdio.h /usr/share/man/man3/stdio.3.gz

ya da

Kod Seç Genişlet

whereis python

Çıktısı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


python: /usr/bin/python2.7 /usr/bin/python3.5m-config /usr/bin/python2.7-config /usr/bin/python3.5 /usr/bin/python3.5-config /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/python3.5m /usr/lib/python2.7 /usr/lib/python3.5 /etc/python2.7 /etc/python3.5 /etc/python /usr/local/lib/python2.7 /usr/local/lib/python3.5 /usr/include/python2.7 /usr/include/python3.5 /usr/include/python3.5m /usr/share/python /usr/share/man/man1/python.1.gz


Kod Seç Genişlet

sudo hdparm -i /dev/sda

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


/dev/sda:

Model=ST1000DM003-1ER162, FwRev=CC45, SerialNo=Z4Y3CQCB
Config={ HardSect NotMFM HdSw>15uSec Fixed DTR>10Mbs RotSpdTol>.5% }
RawCHS=16383/16/63, TrkSize=0, SectSize=0, ECCbytes=4
BuffType=unknown, BuffSize=unknown, MaxMultSect=16, MultSect=off
CurCHS=16383/16/63, CurSects=16514064, LBA=yes, LBAsects=1953525168
IORDY=on/off, tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120}, tDMA={min:120,rec:120}
PIO modes:  pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4
DMA modes:  mdma0 mdma1 mdma2
UDMA modes: udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6
AdvancedPM=yes: unknown setting WriteCache=enabled
Drive conforms to: Reserved:  ATA/ATAPI-4,5,6,7

* signifies the current active mode


Disk hakkında bilgiler verir.

Kod Seç Genişlet

hdparm -tT /dev/sda

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


/dev/sda:
Timing cached reads:   12876 MB in  1.99 seconds = 6454.99 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 560 MB in  3.01 seconds = 186.27 MB/sec


Disk için okuma/yazma hız testi uygular. Bir nevi benchmark gibi düşünebilirsiniz.

Kod Seç Genişlet

badblocks -s /dev/sda

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet

Eğer varsa diskte ulaşılamayan blokları tespit eder.

Eğer diskiniz üzerinde ki bütün verileri yok etmek istiyorsanız (wipe, erase ya da raze denen yöntem için):

Kod Seç Genişlet

sudo apt-get install wipe

Ardından:

Kod Seç Genişlet

wipe [options] <target>

Not: Komutu kendi diskiniz ya da diskleriniz için özelleştirmeniz gerekir.

Not 2: Bu işlem disk biçimlendirme değildir. Bütün diski silip yerine boş veri yazarak güvenli bir şekilde dosyaların ve verilerin yok edilmesini sağlar. Diskinizin ve bilgisayarınızın hızına bağlı olarak oldukça uzun bir işlem süresi alabilir ve sık sık uygulanması diskinizin ömrünü kısaltabilir (özellikle SSD kullanıyorsanız). Bu nedenle kullanmadan önce dikaktli olmanızı tavsiye ediyorum.

Kod Seç Genişlet

id

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


uid=1000(ubuntu) gid=1000(ubuntu) groups=1000(ubuntu),4(adm),24(cdrom),27(sudo),30(dip),46(plugdev),113(lpadmin),128(sambashare)


Oturum açan kullanıcının sistem bilgilerini görüntüler.

Kod Seç Genişlet

last

Kod Seç Genişlet

ubuntu   tty7         :0               Sat Jan  4 15:40    gone - no logout
reboot   system boot  4.15.0-72-generi Sat Jan  4 15:39   still running
ubuntu   tty7         :0               Fri Jan  3 15:30 - down   (16:19)
reboot   system boot  4.15.0-72-generi Fri Jan  3 15:29 - 07:49  (16:19)
ubuntu   tty7         :0               Thu Jan  2 15:56 - down   (16:13)
reboot   system boot  4.15.0-72-generi Thu Jan  2 15:56 - 08:10  (16:14)

wtmp begins Thu Jan  2 09:16:40 2020

Sisteme son giriş yapmış olan kullanıcı hakkında bilgiler verir.

man komutu Linux komutları hakkında bilgiler verir. Örneğin:

Kod Seç Genişlet

man man

komutu, man komutu hakkında bilgi verir.

Kod Seç Genişlet

ip a

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether fc:aa:14:15:90:80 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.1.102/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic enp3s0
       valid_lft 70925sec preferred_lft 70925sec
    inet6 fe80::fdc:76f:7d62:b3f2/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever


Sistemde bulunan arayüz (interface) elemanlarını listeler.

Kod Seç Genişlet

ip addr show

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet

1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether fc:aa:14:15:90:80 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.1.102/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic enp3s0
       valid_lft 72101sec preferred_lft 72101sec
    inet6 fe80::fdc:76f:7d62:b3f2/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

Ağ bilgilerini gösterir.

Kod Seç Genişlet

ip address add 192.168.0.12 dev enp4s0

Arayüze (interface) belirtilen IP adresini ekler.

Kod Seç Genişlet

ip link set <interface> up

Ağ arayüzünü aktifleştirir.

Kod Seç Genişlet

ip link set <interface> down

Ağ arayüzünü pasifleştirir.

Kod Seç Genişlet

ethtool enp4s0

İnternet bağlantısının durumu hakkında bilgi verir.

dig komutu belirtilen adresin DNS bilgilerini sorgular. Örnek kullanım:

Kod Seç Genişlet

dig google.com.tr

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet

; <<>> DiG 9.10.3-P4-Ubuntu <<>> google.com.tr
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 8019
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 512
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;google.com.tr.            IN    A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
google.com.tr.        127    IN    A    172.217.169.163

;; Query time: 60 msec
;; SERVER: 127.0.1.1#53(127.0.1.1)
;; WHEN: Sun Jan 05 19:34:20 +03 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 58

Kod Seç Genişlet

dig -x

Geriye doğru arama işlemi.

Kod Seç Genişlet

host google.com.tr

Host adını alıp makine adına bağlar.

Kod Seç Genişlet

hostname -i

ya da

Kod Seç Genişlet

hostname --ip-address

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet

127.0.1.1

Tahmin ettiğiniz gibi bu komut local IP adresinizi verir. E bu zaten bilinen bir şey, ben internete çıkarken kullandığım external IP adresimi öğrenmek istiyorum diyorsanız:

Kod Seç Genişlet

dig +short myip.opendns.com @resolver1.opendns.com

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet

159.146.45.219

TCP/IP protokolüne göre external IP´nizi (bazı yerler de public IP olarakta geçer) öğrenmek için mutlaka harici bir DNS resolver sunucusu kullanmanız gerekir. Yukarıda ki örnek ile OpenDNS sunucuları kullanılmıştır. Ancak siz isterseniz Google´ın DNS´lerini de kullanabilirsiniz:

Kod Seç Genişlet

dig TXT +short o-o.myaddr.l.google.com @ns1.google.com

Kod Seç Genişlet

"159.146.45.219"

kısacası dig komutu ile public IP´nizi öğrenebilirsiniz.

Kod Seç Genişlet

echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

IP yönlendirmeyi (IP routing) aktif eder.

Kod Seç Genişlet

echo "1.1.1.1" > /etc/resolv.conf

Varsayılan DNS´i Cloudflare DNS ile değiştirir.

Önemli not: Bu yöntem artık işe yaramamaktadır. resolv.conf dosyasında yapacağınız değişiklikler bir sonra ki oturuma kadar ya da ağ bağlantınızı yenilediğiniz de sıfırlanacaktır ve eski haline gelecektir. Ubuntu GNU/Linux dağıtımında resolv.conf dosyasının içeriği şöyledir:

Kod Seç Genişlet

# Dynamic resolv.conf(5) file for glibc resolver(3) generated by resolvconf(8)
#     DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE BY HAND -- YOUR CHANGES WILL BE OVERWRITTEN
nameserver 127.0.1.1

Gördüğünüz üzere değişiklik yapılmaması gerektiği açıkça belirtilmiş. Bunun yerine DNS´inizi değiştirmek için dns-nameservers komutunu kullanabilirsiniz. Örnek kullanım:

Kod Seç Genişlet

dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4

curl komutu ile harici sitelerden bağlantı adresleri çekebilirsiniz. Örneğin IP adresinizi gösteren internet siteleri var. Tarayıcıdan bakmak yerine Terminal üzerinden IP adresimizi öğrenebiliriz:

Kod Seç Genişlet

curl ifconfig.me
curl icanhazip.com
curl ipecho.net/plain
curl ifconfig.co

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet

159.146.45.219

Not: Kullandığınız sitenin de desteklemesi gerekiyor.

wget komutu ile dosya indirebilirsiniz. Örnek komut:

Kod Seç Genişlet

wget http://mirror.rackdc.com/gnu/emacs/windows/emacs-26/emacs-26-deps-mingw-w64-src.zip

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


--2020-01-05 08:45:21--  http://mirror.rackdc.com/gnu/emacs/windows/emacs-26/emacs-26-deps-mingw-w64-src.zip
Resolving mirror.rackdc.com (mirror.rackdc.com)... 94.103.32.100, 2a00:7300:1::100
Connecting to mirror.rackdc.com (mirror.rackdc.com)|94.103.32.100|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 215940112 (206M) [application/zip]
Saving to: 'emacs-26-deps-mingw-w64-src.zip'

emacs-26-deps-mingw-w64-src.z 100%[=================================================>] 205.94M  3.97MB/s    in 52s   

2020-01-05 08:46:13 (3.96 MB/s) - 'emacs-26-deps-mingw-w64-src.zip' saved [215940112/215940112]


wget komutu ile bir dosya indirmiş olduk.

Kod Seç Genişlet

netstat -tupl

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet


(Not all processes could be identified, non-owned process info
will not be shown, you would have to be root to see it all.)
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name
tcp        0      0 Bilgisayar:domain       *:*                     LISTEN      -             
tcp        0      0 localhost:ipp           *:*                     LISTEN      -             
tcp        0      0 localhost:mysql         *:*                     LISTEN      -             
tcp6       0      0 ip6-localhost:ipp       [::]:*                  LISTEN      -             
tcp6       0      0 [::]:http               [::]:*                  LISTEN      -             
udp        0      0 Bilgisayar:domain       *:*                                 -             
udp        0      0 *:bootpc                *:*                                 -             
udp        0      0 *:32991                 *:*                                 -             
udp        0      0 *:ipp                   *:*                                 -             
udp        0      0 *:50365                 *:*                                 -             
udp        0      0 224.0.0.251:mdns        *:*                                 5579/chromium-brows
udp        0      0 224.0.0.251:mdns        *:*                                 5535/libpepflashpla
udp        0      0 224.0.0.251:mdns        *:*                                 5579/chromium-brows
udp        0      0 *:mdns                  *:*                                 -             
udp6       0      0 [::]:mdns               [::]:*                              -             
udp6       0      0 [::]:34801              [::]:*                              - 


Aktif dinlenilen portları listeler.

Kod Seç Genişlet

who

Örnek çıktı:

Kod Seç Genişlet

ubuntu   tty7         2020-01-04 15:40 (:0)

Sistemde kayıtlı olan bütün kullanıcıların bir listesini döndürdü. Benim bilgisayarımda tek kullanıcı kayıtlı olduğu için tek sonuç verdi.

Kod Seç Genişlet

groupadd

Sistem de yeni bir kullanıcı grubu oluşturur.

Kod Seç Genişlet

useradd deneme

Sisteme [I]deneme[/I] adında yeni bir kullanıcı ekler. Kullanıcı silmek için:

Kod Seç Genişlet

userdel deneme

Kod Seç Genişlet

usermod

Kullanıcı izinlerini değiştirmenize olanak sağlayan komut.

Kod Seç Genişlet

compgen -c

Bütün komutları listeler. (Not: Oldukça uzun bir listedir.)

Hatta bu listeyi de ekleyelim. Belki şu an Linux kullanmayıpta incelemek isteyenler olabilir:

[CODE]
alert
egrep
fgrep
grep
l
la
ll
ls
if
then
else
elif
fi
case
esac
for
select
while
until
do
done
in
function
time
{
}
!
[[
]]
coproc
__expand_tilde_by_ref
__get_cword_at_cursor_by_ref
__git_eread
__git_ps1
__git_ps1_colorize_gitstring
__git_ps1_show_upstream
__grub_dir
__grub_get_last_option
__grub_get_options_from_help
__grub_get_options_from_usage
__grub_list_menuentries
__grub_list_modules
__grubcomp
__ltrim_colon_completions
__parse_options
__reassemble_comp_words_by_ref
_allowed_groups
_allowed_users
_apport-bug
_apport-cli
_apport-collect
_apport-unpack
_apport_parameterless
_apport_symptoms
_available_interfaces
_cd
_cd_devices
_command
_command_offset
_complete_as_root
_completion_loader
_configured_interfaces
_count_args
_cryptdisks
_desktop_file_validate
_dkms
_dmd
_dvd_devices
_expand
_filedir
_filedir_dmd
_filedir_xspec
_filename_parts
_fstypes
_get_comp_words_by_ref
_get_cword
_get_first_arg
_get_pword
_gids
_grub_editenv
_grub_install
_grub_mkconfig
_grub_mkfont
_grub_mkimage
_grub_mkpasswd_pbkdf2
_grub_mkrescue
_grub_probe
_grub_script_check
_grub_set_entry
_grub_setup
_have
_init_completion
_installed_modules
_ip_addresses
_kernel_versions
_kernels
_known_hosts
_known_hosts_real
_loexp_
_longopt
_mac_addresses
_minimal
_modules
_ncpus
_parse_help
_parse_usage
_pci_ids
_pgids
_pids
_pnames
_quote_readline_by_ref
_realcommand
_rl_enabled
_root_command
_service
_services
_shells
_signals
_split_longopt
_subdirectories
_sysvdirs
_terms
_tilde
_tuxpaint
_uids
_upvar
_upvars
_usb_ids
_user_at_host
_usergroup
_userland
_variables
_xfunc
_xinetd_services
command_not_found_handle
dequote
quote
quote_readline
.
:
[
alias
bg
bind
break
builtin
caller
cd
command
compgen
complete
compopt
continue
declare
dirs
disown
echo
enable
eval
exec
exit
export
false
fc
fg
getopts
hash
help
history
jobs
kill
let
local
logout
mapfile
popd
printf
pushd
pwd
read
readarray
readonly
return
set
shift
shopt
source
suspend
test
times
trap
true
type
typeset
ulimit
umask
unalias
unset
wait
repo
macho_standalone
easy_install
pylint
isort
pyreverse
pip2.7
pip
macho_dump
pasteurize
epylint
futurize
macho_find
symilar
easy_install-2.7
pip2
fbc
zic
phpdismod
ufw
aspell-autobuildhash
useradd
adduser
tcpd
apachectl
lightdm-session
lpmove
pppd
biosdecode
groupmod
a2query
genl
update-usbids
mklost+found
update-inetd
reject
check_forensic
fdformat
dkms
update-fonts-scale
avahi-daemon
tcptraceroute
cupsenable
irqbalance
anacron
dnsmasq
pppconfig
userdel
tcpdchk
isadump
update-ca-certificates
a2ensite
tcpdump
a2dismod
pppdump
vcstime
arp
remove-shell
groupadd
iptables-apply
tunelp
wrmsr
update-icon-caches
pwck
logrotate
a2dissite
addgroup
dbconfig-load-include
guest-account
getweb
iconvconfig
vbetool
pma-secure
chroot
rtkitctl
delgroup
e4defrag
update-default-aspell
a2enconf
thermald
rmt-tar
usbmuxd
update-info-dir
kvm-ok
toshsat1800-irdasetup
mkinitramfs
dmidecode
dpkg-divert
apache2ctl
update-dictcommon-hunspell
cracklib-format
check-bios-nx
isaset
aa-remove-unknown
pptpsetup
sensors-detect
make-ssl-cert
cpgr
remove-default-wordlist
ip6tables-apply
rdmsr
applygnupgdefaults
update-mime
pam-auth-update
gnome-menus-blacklist
pppoe-discovery
cron
dbconfig-generate-include
ippusbxd
validlocale
tarcat
pm-powersave
lpinfo
upgrade-windowmaker-defaults
rtcwake
setvesablank
update-catalog
mysqld
select-default-ispell
traceroute
pwunconv
visudo
laptop-detect
pptp
update-pciids
grub-install
rsyslogd
aa-exec
luksformat
grub-macbless
pppstats
php-fpm7.0
update-passwd
update-initramfs
cracklib-packer
grub-mkdevicemap
grub-set-default
add-shell
alsactl
vipw
nfnl_osf
install-sgmlcatalog
update-grub-gfxpayload
locale-gen
pam_getenv
a2disconf
chat
tcpdmatch
service
usermod
qemu-make-debian-root
httxt2dbm
addgnupghome
cupsaddsmb
update-icon-caches.gtk2
NetworkManager
update-grub
uuidd
nologin
cracklib-check
update-locale
update-default-ispell
saned
dpkg-preconfigure
remove-default-ispell
kerneloops
avahi-autoipd
usb_modeswitch_dispatcher
pwconv
a2enmod
tzconfig
gconf-schemas
aptd
phpenmod
gpartedbin
rebuild-security-providers
arpd
update-xmlcatalog
accessdb
upgrade-from-grub-legacy
pma-configure
acpid
lightdm
dpkg-reconfigure
update-rc.d
cupsctl
split-logfile
chpasswd
update-dictcommon-aspell
iucode_tool
phpquery
ispell-autobuildhash
lpc
iucode-tool
unity-greeter
pm-suspend
invoke-rc.d
install-docs
bluetoothd
pm-suspend-hybrid
iio-sensor-proxy
vigr
accept
cryptdisks_start
cupsd
cupsfilter
usb_modeswitch
newusers
aa-status
vpddecode
cracklib-unpacker
dpkg-statoverride
update-fonts-dir
alsa-info.sh
grpunconv
pm-hibernate
pppoeconf
cryptdisks_stop
e2freefrag
gparted
grub-probe
cupsdisable
create-cracklib-dict
cppw
grpconv
grpck
rfkill
ldattach
deluser
cupsaccept
readprofile
filefrag
cups-browsed
update-alternatives
safe_finger
update-fonts-alias
popularity-contest
groupdel
cups-genppdupdate
grub-reboot
update-gsfontmap
popcon-largest-unused
update-java-alternatives
update-grub2
grub-bios-setup
ModemManager
update-default-wordlist
grub-mkconfig
tcptraceroute.db
ownership
paperconfig
update-cracklib
lpadmin
apache2
select-default-wordlist
cupsreject
pam_timestamp_check
apparmor_status
update-binfmts
try-from
rmt
chgpasswd
ecryptfs-umount-private
gnatprep
mmount
i686-w64-mingw32-gnatclean
conjure-im6
apt-sortpkgs
codeblocks
x128
soffice
pnmpsnr
i686-w64-mingw32-gnatclean-win32
jv-convert-5
eview
x86_64-linux-gnu-objdump
lftp
pilfont.py
i686-w64-mingw32-gnatkr
xsubpp
pdftops
wsdl
mozroots
gij
racket
neotoppm
x86_64-w64-mingw32-windmc
xlsfonts
screenfetch
aconnect
setmetamode
objcopy
plex
ssh-add
xedid
jjs
x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++-win32
dh_auto_test
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcov-tool
pygettext3.5
jcf-dump-5
qemu-mips64el
policytool
dh_dkms
snapfuse
grmiregistry
x86_64-linux-gnu-as
gnome-font-viewer
pdfsh
mtr
lslocks
x86_64-linux-gnu-nm
spellintian
sqlsharp
diff
cert-sync
dbus-monitor
rgview
csharp
searchtool
msexpand
gucharmap
perlbug
pdfunite
git-upload-pack
enchant-lsmod
SciTE
nautilus
startlazarus
ant
ppmforge
dh_installdocs
glib-mkenums
qhelpgenerator
ps2ps
dh_testdir
python2.7
alsatplg
recode-sr-latin
lpq
dh_nativejava
rsh
jdeprscan
linguist
kwalletd5
gdbtui
rarian-sk-get-content-list
pbmtog3
x86_64-linux-gnu-cpp
traceroute-nanog
fitstopnm
psfaddtable
setterm
dh_installdebconf
jps
mren
x86_64-linux-gnu-python3m-config
deallocvt
qemu-system-xtensa
qemu-system-moxie
hexdump
ubuntu-support-status
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatprep-posix
onboard
bluetooth-sendto
gnome-terminal
dh_autotools-dev_updateconfig
kactivitymanagerd
pcimodules
sudo
x86_64-linux-gnu-strings
ppm3d
stream-im6
rebuild-gcj-db
plog
plser
xjc
gcov
gpic
vsid
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-ranlib-4.9
speaker-test
pbmtogo
rarian-sk-get-extended-content-list
plasmapkg
mbadblocks
apt-extracttemplates
lavadecode
clear
i686-w64-mingw32-nm
x86_64-linux-gnu-pkg-config
pbmpage
i686-w64-mingw32-gnatmake
column
wmctrl
ppmdim
actexec
gnee
gacutil
foo2slx-wrapper
xrotate
pecl
x64dtv
fc-match
aspell
pwsh
colcrt
git-upload-archive
ucs2any
lsipc
linux-update-symlinks
mysqldumpslow
x86_64-w64-mingw32-strip
virtualbox
qemu-system-sh4
libpng12-config
lastb
openshot
printenv
cc
cd-fix-profile
jpegtopnm
fcgistarter
plt-web-server
i686-w64-mingw32-windmc
gst-discoverer-1.0
pdf2pdfa
wmiv
evim
gsdj
pcxtoppm
deb-systemd-helper
chardet3
setlogcons
xwininfo
kate
erl_call
intel_residency
patch
pbmtomda
gifmaker
yelp
unity-control-center
pnmdepth
mdassembler
grepjar
mplayer
ntfsdecrypt
ppmtosixel
kdebugdialog
md5sum.textutils
checkgid
i686-linux-gnu-pkg-config
gvfs-rename
mzscheme
pdf2ps
vapicheck
i686-w64-mingw32-gnatxref
chromium-browser
printf
i686-w64-mingw32-gnat-win32
virtfs-proxy-helper
startx
zipcloak
foo2hp
tracepath
ranlib
os-prober
online-accounts-preferences
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gfortran-win32
apturl-gtk
apport-collect
ucfq
ttfread
foo2oak
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatlink
pnmmargin
pkg-config
ipod-time-sync
qdoc3
w
factor
dh
gdbus
hp-levels
gvfs-open
dpkg-trigger
col
xplus4
gcj-dbtool-5
giftopnm
gcc-nm-5
2to3
fp
gpg-zip
vim.gtk
debconf-communicate
mono-heapviz
ProjectCenter
xdiagnose
evince-thumbnailer
c1541
qmlimportscanner
ppmtopj
monolinker
file
pbmtonokia
rmid
sfparse
xdg-icon-resource
emacs24-x
i686-w64-mingw32-gnatkr-win32
ppmtopcx
tac
symcryptrun
xzcat
ppudump
prolog
playonlinux-pkg
stream
actiona
unity-tweak-tool
enhancer.py
podselect
cert2spc
vboxmanage
notepad
rdmd
msgcat
i686-w64-mingw32-cpp-posix
cups-calibrate
ps2txt
pnmtosir
libwacom-list-local-devices
dirmngr-client
qemu-nbd
qpdldecode
rarian-sk-update
mdatopbm
wpa_passphrase
rarian-sk-get-scripts
ktelnetservice5
ppmtowinicon
transset
qemu-or32
erl
mconfig
gnatchop
ppmrelief
x86_64-w64-mingw32-windres
ipod-read-sysinfo-extended
ktrash5
mono-shlib-cop
syslinux-legacy
whereis
i686-w64-mingw32-cpp
hp-align
b2m.xemacs21
petcat
qglinfo
x86_64-w64-mingw32-readelf
slatex
Ink
rvim
gencat
montage
gpasswd
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatfind-win32
qhelpconverter
pnminterp-gen
gst-inspect-1.0
lzdiff
gcr-viewer
gtk-builder-convert
kbdinfo
pdfmetadata
dpkg-maintscript-helper
zipinfo
ppmcolors
kdeinit5
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc
yuvsplittoppm
grub-menulst2cfg
c89
pildriver.py
dpkg-query
dialyzer
gnatinspect
qmleasing
qemu-cris
pnmenlarge
ps2ascii
xwdtopnm
xcmsdb
tsort
aa-enabled
avahi-publish
setxkbmap
ecryptfs-migrate-home
msggrep
xzless
qtconfig
foo2lava-wrapper
pi1toppm
meinproc4
kdeinit5_shutdown
gs
pamdeinterlace
qemu-system-i386
i686-w64-mingw32-gnatls
ginstall-info
i686-w64-mingw32-gcov-tool-win32
ppmtv
zlib-flate
x86_64-linux-gnu-gdc-5
simple_web_server
busctl
jimage
dh_installmanpages
pnmcrop
ecryptfs-manager
dehtmldiff
dotlockfile
X
dc
x86_64-w64-mingw32-as
jdeps
bdftopcf
innotop
bin2obj
monodocs2html
kmimetypefinder
gsbj
pstruct
easy_install3
qemu-system-x86_64
i686-w64-mingw32-gnatfind-win32
updatedb
ri
pnmcolormap
compose
google-chrome
scrot
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatname-posix
uudecode
winepath
javapackager
foo2hbpl2-wrapper
ccrewrite
mdeltree
lslogins
dh_strip
logger
khotnewstuff4
min12xxw
knotify4
pl2pm
bmptopnm
x-terminal-emulator
pamcut
xsetmode
syslinux
convert-im6
lconvert
chmcmd
mono-cil-strip
i686-w64-mingw32-gcc-ranlib
gsettings-data-convert
x86_64-linux-gnu-python2.7-config
webapp-container
lsusb
touch
mtvtoppm
from
glib-compile-resources
gcjh
mkvextract
i686-w64-mingw32-gnatfind
dustmite
vapigen
gtester
dh_ucf
rarian-sk-preinstall
cksum
glib-gettextize
compiz-decorator
xcutsel
emacs24
mono-test-install
bluetoothctl
gnome-www-browser
alsamixer
i686-w64-mingw32-gnatname-win32
kwrite
scrollkeeper-get-index-from-docpath
mysqlpump
qemu-system-xtensaeb
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatxref
mousetweaks
kpackagetool5
qmltestrunner
pnmgamma
foo2hiperc
fpclasschart
thresholder.py
disco
faillog
dpkg-gencontrol
hp-makeuri
x86_64-w64-mingw32-elfedit
apport-bug
readelf
xkbbell
rcs-checkin
fc-scan
pip3
bchunk
xhost
opentool
sensible-editor
ecryptfs-mount-private
pilprint
strings
lzmainfo
grepdiff
grub-mknetdir
st4topgm
winedbg
avahi-resolve-host-name
x86_64-w64-mingw32-objcopy
dh_installmodules
createfontdatachunk
phar.phar7.0
dpkg-scansources
unexpand
qemu-armeb
rake
xclock
lp
word-list-compress
gifmaker.py
mysqldump
postw32
brltty-ctb
pyclean
xedit
javafxpackager
hp-pkservice
lpoptions
lsattr
xinit
fiascotopnm
virtualboxvm
gnuattach.xemacs21
pnmtorle
setpci
whoopsie
jcontrol
pgmtolispm
javac
i686-w64-mingw32-gnatls-win32
transicc
pyacc
pbmclean
display
ppmtouil
i686-w64-mingw32-gnatbind-win32
pnmcat
i686-w64-mingw32-gnatchop-posix
scribble
pgmtoppm
qemu-system-microblazeel
rletopnm
gnatcoll_db2ada
pgmramp
xrandr
gracket-text
mysqlshow
x86_64-w64-mingw32-cpp
dh_md5sums
g++
pamstretch-gen
intel_backlight
pnmtosgi
xvminitoppm
dh_fixperms
lspci
qpdf
calibrate_ppa
parecord
obj2asm
dpkg-vendor
pnmcomp
python3.5m-config
pbmtoatk
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatls
rename.ul
lowriter
seahorse
pnmscalefixed
fix-qdf
kreadconfig5
hex2hcd
gjavah-5
aptdcon
deja-dup
im-launch
ptargrep
pear
filterdiff
qemu-system-sparc64
i686-w64-mingw32-as
pbmtextps
foo2lava
intel_error_decode
rview
gtk-window-decorator
gpgv
swipl
paste
hp-timedate
qemu-system-mips64el
vi
mztext
software-properties-gtk
kioclient
oakdecode
xprop
xpci
rpcgen
truncate
qtchooser
pbmpscale
drracket
i686-w64-mingw32-gcc-posix
ppmtoicr
x86_64-linux-gnu-ld.bfd
top
al
session-migration
gpg
unrar-nonfree
ppmmix
gnuclient.xemacs21
x86_64-linux-gnu-python3.5-config
painter.py
ncal
dumpkeys
file-roller
gcalccmd
gjdoc-5
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-nm
uz
mmencode
mlocate
ppmcie
nmtui-hostname
gtnameserv
gjarsigner-5
gdbserver
dh_prep
ppmtomitsu
pdftk
i686-w64-mingw32-gcc-ar-posix
unity
foo2slx
junit
rdoc2.3
gouldtoppm
speech-dispatcher
sputoppm
loimpress
Recycler
pbmtopsg3
dh_installdirs
designer
rgrep
grub-ntldr-img
fd2pascal
i686-w64-mingw32-gnatprep-posix
snapctl
timeout
last
mdir
ex
qemu-sh4
data2inc
autogsdoc
lft
start_embedded
Xorg
VBoxBugReport
lpr
pnminvert
mysql_tzinfo_to_sql
fpcmake
pydoc3.5
dpkg
grog
mawk
zipgrep
ktraderclient
py3clean
zeitgeist-datahub
qt-faststart
nproc
instmodsh
mred-text
gnome-tweak-tool
cpan5.22-x86_64-linux-gnu
ghex
pdb3
ecryptfs-add-passphrase
dpkg-shlibdeps
gnome-calendar
aplaymidi
cpp-5
xkbprint
dh_pypy
prename
unihelper
qmlviewer
apturl
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatname
pdf-slatex
mimetype
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatfind
gdk-pixbuf-query-loaders
free
bmptoppm
intel_forcewaked
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc-ranlib-posix
prezip
xvidtune
x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++
plget
scrollkeeper-get-toc-from-docpath
qml1plugindump
head
base32
vboxautostart
khotnewstuff-upload
psidtopgm
vimdiff
install
x86_64-w64-mingw32-strings
gjar
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcov
dh_installexamples
gview
zdump
qemu-m68k
rdf2com
GSSpeechServer
pbmto10x
fc-cache
dh_auto_build
gamma4scanimage
dpkg-ruby
rgvim
parsecd
qmlmin
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-nm-5
systemd-stdio-bridge
pstree.x11
winegcc
leaftoppm
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gfortran
pnmtofiasco
lwp-download
avahi-publish-address
deb-systemd-invoke
escript
nl
gdbus-codegen
base64
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-ranlib
as
h2xs
mdoc
podebconf-display-po
gkeytool
i686-w64-mingw32-g++-posix
mtrace
lintian-info
qemu-system-mipsel
esc-m
pnmfile
pnmtile
ksvgtopng
emacs
rawtopgm
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc-ar
ktrash
dpkg-checkdeps
atom
kiconfinder
rstartd
ximtoppm
mysql_config_editor
qemu-mipsel
HEAD
pbmtoppa
sftp
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc-win32
gvfs-info
man
tuxpaint-import
vapicheck-0.30
gc-analyze-5
ebrowse.emacs24
gcov-tool-5
link
mknfonts
asciitopgm
grmic
pnmtopalm
mtools
isoinfo
ppdhtml
lwp-mirror
qtdiag
update-nfonts
xbrlapi
pkaction
gjdoc
pamoil
instantfpc
partx
compare
pbmmake
VBoxManage
xmessage
libnetcfg
grub-kbdcomp
dpkg-architecture
rarian-example
ubuntu-software
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatkr-posix
intel_panel_fitter
caspol
sat4j
x86_64-linux-gnu-ld.gold
HelpViewer
kdeinit4_wrapper
scrollkeeper-preinstall
dh_lintian
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-5
intel_sprite_on
hcitool
tee
dh_installcatalogs
GSMarkupLocalizableStrings
gst-launch-1.0
lzegrep
mono-configuration-crypto
pnmrotate
xinput
al2
desktop-file-edit
pnmtopng
xdg-desktop-icon
foo2hiperc-wrapper
dmcs
winefile
kded4
mclasserase
grub-editenv
xzcmp
apropos
ppmtoeyuv
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gprof
ssh-keyscan
qemu-ppc
x86_64-w64-mingw32-ar
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatmake-posix
cupstestdsc
qemu-sparc64
ubuntu-webapps-update-index
ppmdist
ndisasm
canberra-gtk-play
mono-xmltool
cmuwmtopbm
lorder
pnmpad
java
gpick
i686-w64-mingw32-ar
gtbl
pkill
i686-w64-mingw32-gcc-nm
ppmtogif
pamfile
pod2usage
gtk-update-icon-cache-3.0
mcat
zsh
dpkg-divert
check-language-support
kwallet-query
x86_64-w64-mingw32-addr2line
look
ncursesw5-config
nawk
ibus-setup
dh_installgsettings
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnat-posix
plt-games
psicc
jv-convert
debconf-set-selections
wget
devdump
xlogo
glxgears
qemu-system-ppc
meinproc4_simple
nm
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatprep-win32
flock
i686-w64-mingw32-gnat
aspell-import
winemine
gappletviewer-5
qemu-system-arm
xpmtoppm
gkeytool-5
cli-gacutil
idlj
pbmtowbmp
ptar
glxdemo
mysqlbinlog
python3-config
psfxtable
pinentry-curses
intel-gen4disasm
rstart
i686-w64-mingw32-gcc-ar-win32
update-mime-database.real
gnome-terminal.wrapper
getconf
i686-w64-mingw32-dlltool
apt-get
setreg
lprm
gnome-disks
macpack
kde4-menu
hardinfo
pdf2dsc
animate
xsd
cvt
protocoltojson
pgmtofs
dh_update_autotools_config
rdesktop-vrdp
xmodmap
parsechangelog
hp-clean
groups
cal
kbuildsycoca4
credentials-preferences
xbuild
dh_usrlocal
zjsdecode
ppdi
vim.gnome
eps2eps
vbc
gedit
pgmcrater
kglobalaccel
scrollkeeper-uninstall
compare-im6
aplay
gvfs-tree
csi
pnmarith
ddbd
ispell-wrapper
dirname
dh_undocumented
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatmake
wrc
ddemangle
gnome-thumbnail-font
player.py
pgmtexture
mcs
sha384sum
mysql_plugin
pkttyagent
shasum
sbkeysync
i686-w64-mingw32-g++
xzfgrep
7za
function_grep.pl
audacity
telnet
gjavah
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatxref-posix
chardetect3
spd-conf
c99
x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++-posix
gnome-calculator
gcloseall
setsid
irb
realpath
x86_64-linux-gnu-ar
ppmqvga
x11perfcomp
easy_install
gsdj500
c++
prove
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatclean
zip
mkzftree
signonpluginprocess
gapi2-fixup
pldes
gnome-open
pdb2.7
git
edit
i686-w64-mingw32-gcc-nm-posix
gvfs-trash
hbpldecode
wsimport
routef
pgmoil
x86_64-linux-gnu-python-config
rendercheck
gnome-screenshot
foo2oak-wrapper
i686-w64-mingw32-c++filt
opldecode
hp-check
linux64
gnome-settings-daemon
kshell4
signon-ui
getstyle
sensible-browser
xrandr-tool
viewres
x86_64
pilfile.py
rediff
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatbind-posix
g3topbm
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gfortran-posix
localc
time
lftpget
gnome-terminal.real
jardetector
pphs
bleachbit
qlalr
i686-w64-mingw32-gcov
GWorkspace
geany
b2m
foo2zjs-icc2ps
gslj
gvfs-less
ppmtobmp
pgmslice
mono-hang-watchdog
upower
lsfupdater
rdfdump
zipsplit
gtk-sharp2-examples-list
mkisofs
gpgsplit
replace
ebrowse
gcc-ranlib
addr2line
spctoppm
i686-w64-mingw32-gnatchop
animate-im6
less
csc
pnmtotiffcmyk
xdg-user-dirs-update
gem2.3
lzcmp
unlink
dh_installwm
createfontdatachunk.py
player
select-default-iwrap
ppdc
nsupdate
pas2fpm
hp-doctor
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatlink-posix
i686-w64-mingw32-g++-win32
pnmhistmap
grab_vcsa
sbsiglist
python2.7-config
pic
monodoc
pdfdetach
lsinitramfs
syndaemon
webapp-container-hook
pdb
baobab
makecert
wine
xz
i686-w64-mingw32-gcc-ranlib-posix
intel_opregion_decode
sgitopnm
sum
unity-webapps-desktop-file
x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc-ar-4.9
xvic
ffplay
peekfd
dbus-cleanup-sockets
iecset
scp
qemu-system-sparc
pilfont
Gorm
viewer
7z
adb
pdfimages
x86_64-linux-gnu-gdc
qemu-system-sh4eb
grub-fstest
intel_framebuffer_dump
perl5.22.1
mapscrn
ps2ps2
getopt
systemd-analyze
xdg-email
onboard-settings
intel_lid
namei
qemu-sh4eb
debconf-copydb
renice
gspath
apport-cli
GSMarkupBrowser
gnome-keyring-3
cd-create-profile
funzip
x86_64-w64-mingw32-c++filt
dfu-tool
pbmtoepsi
dpkg-name
EdenMath
podchecker
infobrowser
GNUMail
wmmenugen
dh_testroot
gdialog
jaotc
pbmtopi3
m17n-db
illinkanalyzer
Calculator
hp-query
ecryptfs-find
ibus
tgz
wineboot
mysql_install_db
arecordmidi
kbuildsycoca5
zipnote
VBoxTunctl
grub-syslinux2cfg
setup-plt
sha1sum
foo2zjs
isdv4-serial-inputattach
qmlbundle
newgrp
icotool
psfgettable
pnmconvol
grub-script-check
apt-add-repository
unicode_stop
sbattach
unlzma
kfile4
VirtualBoxVM
pamdice
ptx
pager
mysql_upgrade
regsvr32
plasmapkg2
shuf
jmc
ffmpeg
ld.gold
msgcmp
rlogin
fpcjres
ppumove
kquitapp
xdg-screensaver
loffice
myisamlog
wc
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatclean-win32
update-desktop-database
gnome-file-share-properties
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatlink-win32
msguniq
import-im6
pdftoppm
mdoc-update
x86_64-w64-mingw32-gnatkr-win32
tasksel
xman
printafm
lofromtemplate
pango-view
convert
i686-w64-mingw32-gcc-nm-win32
gpg-agent

[zafer06]

Teşekkürler OnLive gayet güzel bir liste olmuş.

Bence hostname yerine hostnamectl çok daha kullanışlı.